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255

Kennedy, op. cit., p. 297.

256

Quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (2 nd edn. New York 1951), p. 245.

257

Poidevin, Relations économiques, p. 143.

258

G. M. Trevelyan, Grey of Fallodon (London 1937), p. 115.

259

Kennedy, op. cit., p. 298.

260

Kennedy, op. cit., p. 305.

261

Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917 (London 1975), p. 145.

262

Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 286–287.

263

Gerald D. Feldman, Army, Industry and Labor in Germany, 1914–1918 (Princeton 1966), p. 52.

264

Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 284–288.

265

David French, British Economic and Strategic Planning 1905–1915 (London 1982), p. 45.

266

Memorandum on British gold reserves sent to the Chancellor of the Exchequer by Sir G. Paish, January or February 1914. Marcello de Cecco, Money and Empire: The International Gold Standard 1890–1914 (Oxford 1974), p. 207.

267

French, op. cit., p. 92.

268

Stone, op. cit., p. 146.

269

Georges Bonnefous, Histoire Politique de la Troisieme Republique, Vol. IL La Grande Guerre (1914–1918) (Paris 1957), pp. 17–18. Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1971–1914 (Cambridge 1981), pp. 23 8–23 9.

270

Porch, op. cit, pp. 242–243.

271

Patrick Fridenson, Histoire des Usines Renault, Vol. I. Naissance de la grande Entreprise 1898–1939 (Paris 1972), pp. 89–90.

272

Theodore Zeldin, France 1848–1945. Vol. II. Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (Oxford 1977), p. 1047.

273

The phrase is reported by J. M. Keynes as having been used by the Conservative politician Stanley Baldwin about the members of the British Parliament elected in November 1918. Roy Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (London 1951), p. 266.

274

John Wheeler-Bennett, Hindenburg, The Wooden Titan (new edn, London 1967), p. 127.

275

For a discussion of this point see Erwin Hölzle, Die Selbstentmachtung Europas (Göttingen 1975), pp. 38–41. Without accepting the premises of Hölzle’s attack on Fischer, the distinction seems to me a useful one.

276

Max Bonnefous (ed.) Oeuvres de Jean Jaurés: Pour la Paix, Vol I. Les Alliances Européennes 188 7–1903 (Paris 1931), pp. 75–77.

277

Leon Gambetta, quoted in Léon Brunschvig, Mythes et Realites de l’Impérialisme colonial français (Paris 1960), p. 9. See also James Joli, Europe since 1870 (3rd edn, London 1983). Ch.4.

278

See esp. Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Theories of Imperialism (London 1980); D. K. Fieldhouse, Economies and Empire 1830–1914 (London 1973); R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: the Official Mind of Imperialism (London 1968).

279

See D. C. M. Platt, Finance, Trade and Politics in British Foreign Policy 1815–1914 (Oxford 1968); R. Robinson and J. Gallagher. ’The imperialism of free trade’, Economic History Review, 6 (1953); D. C. M. Platt, ’The imperialism of free trade: some reservations’, Economic History Review, 21 (1968); ’Further objections to an "imperialism of free trade’”, Economic History Review, 26(1973).

280

Quoted in W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (New York 1951), p. 123.

281

11 November 1895, quoted in J. L. Garvin, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. Ill (London 1934), p. 27.

282

Garvin, op. cit., pp. 187–188.

283

Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Vol. IV (London 1951), p. 436. For an account of the movement for tariff reform and imperial federation, see Wolfgang Mock, Imperiale Herrschaft und Nationales Interesse (Stuttgart 1982).

284

Quoted in V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815–1960 (London 19 82), pp. 156, 158.

285

Quoted in Bernard Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social and Imperial Thought, 1895–1914 (London 1960), p. 41.

286

Quoted in Semmel, op. cit., p. 57.

287

Quoted in Paul Mus, Le Destin de l’Union française (Paris 1954), p. 18.

288

Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working Class Attitudes and Reaction to the Boer War 1899–1902 (London and Toronto 1972).

289

Quoted in Price, op. cit., p. 73.

290

W. Mark Hamilton, ’The nation and navy: methods and organization of British navalist propaganda 1889–1914’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1978), pp. 92 ff.

291

The Times, 1 Nov. 1924.

292

See Ludwig Dehio, ’Thoughts on Germany’s mission 1900–1918’, in Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (Eng. tr. London 1959).

293

Marianne Weber, Max Weber: ein Lebensbild (Tübingen 1926), p. 138. See Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber und die Deutsche Politik (Tübingen 1958), p. 35; also Arthur Mitzman, The Iron Cage: An Historical Interpretation of Max Weber (New York 1970), pp. 106–107.

294

Max Weber, Gesammelte Politische Schriften (Munich 1921), p. 29. See also Mommsen, Max Weber, p. 78 and Mitzman, op.cit., pp. 137–147.

295

Winfried Philipp Englert, Das Flottenproblem im Lichte der Sozialpolitik (Paderborn 1900), quoted in Eckart Kehr, Schlachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik (Berlin 1930), pp. 369–370.

296

F. Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, (Dusseldorf 1969), p. 378. See also Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ’Nationalism, imperialism and official press policy in Wilhelmine Germany’ in Philippe Levillain and Brunello Vigezzi (eds) Opinion Publique et Politique Exterieure 1870–1915 (Rome 1981), p. 380.

297

Heinrich