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class="p1">E. Lavisse, Manuel d’Histoire de France (Cours moyen 1912), quoted in Pierre Nora, ’Ernest Lavisse: son rôle dans la formation du sentiment national’, Revue Historique, 228 (1962) 104.

382

R. H. Samuel and R. Hinton Thomas, Education and Society in Modern Germany (London 1949), p. 71.

383

Quoted in Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France 1870–1914 (London 1977), pp. 334–335.

384

Quoted in Becker and Kriegel, op. cit, pp. 141, 138.

385

Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge 1981), p. 184. See also David B. Ralston, The Army of the Republic (Cambridge, Mass. 1967), p. 324.

386

Robert Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys (London 1908), p. 282. See John Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements 1883–1940 (London 1977), pp. 15–16.

387

Baden-Powell, op. cit., p. 267.

388

Freideutsche Jugend, Festschrift zur Jahrhundertfeier auf dem Hohen Meissner (Jena 1913), pp. 4–5, quoted in Gerhard A. Ritter (ed.) Historisches Lesebuch 2. 1871–1914 (Frankfurt-am-Main 1967), p. 363. On the German youth movements see Walter Laqueur, Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movements (London 1962).

389

Klaus Saul, ’Der Kampf um die Jugend zwischen Volksschule und Kaserne: ein Beitrag zur "Jugendpflege’” im Wilhelminischen Reich 1890–1914, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, Vol. I (1971), pp. 116–117.

390

Saul, op. cit., p. 118.

391

Saul, op. cit., p. 137.

392

Saul, op. cit, p. 125.

393

Quoted in Martin Kitchin, The German Officer Corps 1890–1914 (Oxford 1968), p. 141.

394

For the relations between Marinetti and the nationalist movement, see James Joli, ’F. T. Marinetti: Futurism and Fascism’ in Three Intellectuals in Politics (New York 1960), pp. 133–178. For a discussion of the various tendencies in Italian nationalism, see Rudolf Lill and Franco Valsecchi (eds), 11 nazionalismo in Italia e in Germaniafino aile Prima Guerra Mondiale (Bologna 1983).

395

A. J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, Vol. I. The Road to War 1904–1914 (London 1961), p. 114.

396

I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War 1763–1914 (London 1966).

397

Clarke, op. cit., p. 126.

398

See David French, ’Spy fever in Britain 1900–1915’, Historical Journal 21. No. 2 (1978) 335–370.

399

Becker, 1914, p. 510.

400

Emile Vandervelde, Jaures (Paris 1919), p. 6.

401

Haupt, op. cit., (Oxford 1972), p. 252.

402

Norman Hutchinson, US Charge d’Affaires in Bucharest and Belgrade, to State Dept. 27 Feb. 1909, quoted in Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London 1967), p. 320.

403

Some of what follows is based on James Joli, ’Politicians and the freedom to choose: the case of July 1914’ in Alan Ryan (ed.) The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (Oxford 1979).

404

’Agathon’ (Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde) Les Jeunes Gens d’Aujourd’hui, (Paris 1913), p. 31.

405

See e.g. the special issue of ’Quantitive international history: an exchange’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, XXI, No. i (March 1977); also e.g. George H. Questor, ’Six causes of war’, The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 6, No. 1 (1982).

406

See р. 23 above.

407

See p. 38 above.

408

David Lloyd George, War Memoirs (new edn, London 1938). Vol. I, p. 32.

409

Quoted in Lothar Gall, Bismarck, der weisse Revolutionär (Frankfurt-am-Main 1980), p. 56.

410

V. I. Lenin, ’Can the Bolsheviki hold state power?’ Oct. 1917, quoted in William Henry Chamberlain, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921 (New York 1935) Vol. L, p. 290.

411

Elie Halévy, The World Crisis of 1914–1918: A Reinterpretation (Rhodes Memorial Lecture, University of Oxford 1929) reprinted in E. Halévy, The Era of Tyrannies (tr. By R. K. Webb with a note by Fritz Stern) (Garden City, NY 1965), p. 245.