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212
H. Pogge von Strandmann and Imanuel Geiss, Die Erforderlichkeit des Unmöglichen (Hamburger Studien zur neueren Geschichte Band 2: Frankfurt-am-Mam 1965), pp. 22–23
213
For a discussion of German socialist attitudes before 1914 see esp. Dieter Groh, Negative Integration und revolutionarer Attentismus (Frankfurt-am-Main 1973).
214
Leopold von Ranke, Englische Geschichte, quoted in Friedrich Meinecke, Zur Theorie und Philosophic der Geschichte (Stuttgart 1959), pp. 258–259.
215
Quoted in Peter Winzen, ’Prince Billow’s Weltmachtpolitik’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, XXII. 2 (Aug. 1976) 230.
216
Quoted in Ludwig Dehio, Germany and World Politics in the Twentieth Century (Eng. tr. London 1959), p. 53.
217
For the Stuttgart Congress and the resolution on militarism and international conflicts, see e.g. James Joli, The Second International 1889–1914 (new edn, London 1974), pp. 13 5–152.
218
See Eckart Kehr, Schachtflottenbau und Parteipolitik (Berlin 1930).
219
For the British Navy League, see W. Mark Hamilton. ’The nation and the navy: methods and organization of British navalist propaganda, 1889–1914’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London 1978).
220
Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (London 1980), p. 299.
221
Volker Berghahn, Rustung und Machtpolitik (Düsseldorf 1973), pp. 55 ff.
222
Bernard Michel, Banques et Banquiers en Autriche au début du 20e siècle (Paris 1976), p. 179.
223
Raymond Poidevin, ’Fabricants d’armts et relations internationales au debut du XXe siecle’, Relations Internationales 1, May 1974. Much of what follows is based on this important article.
224
Clive Trebilcock, The Vickers Brothers: Armaments and Enterprise 1854–1931 (London 1977), pp. 120–121.
225
Poidevin, ’Fabricants d’armes’, p. 42.
226
See esp. Bernard Michel, Banques et Banquiers en Autriche au début du 20e siècle (Paris 1976), p. 179.
227
Rene Girault, Emprunts russes et investissements francais en Russie 1887–1914 (Paris 1973), p. 3 45, fn. 2. Professor Girault’s work is fundamental for an understanding of this whole question.
228
Raymond Poidevin, Les Relations Economiques et Financieres entre la France et l’Allemagne de 1898 à 1914 (Paris 1969), p. 178. Together with the work of Girault mentioned above, this goes a long way to giving a definitive account of the role of economic factors in French and German foreign policy.
229
Girault, op, cit., p. 568, Poidevin, Relations économiques, p. 678.
230
Herbert Feis, Europe, The World’s Banker 1870–1914 (New York 1965), pp. 23, 51.
231
Girault, op. cit., p. 580; Feis, op. cit., p. 51.
232
Girault, op. cit., p. 430.
233
Girault, op. cit., p. 443.
234
Girault, op. cit., p. 446, n. 77.
235
The Times, 11 June 1907.
236
’Les dirigeants politiques et economiques francais de la Ille république n’ont pas choisi la neutralité vis-a-vis du régime politique de la Russie, ils ont opté pour le tsarisme; ce faisant, ils se sont interdit toute réelle influence sur le cours futur des evenements interieurs en Russie’, Girault, op. cit., p. 447.
237
See Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, ’Rathenau, die Gebrüder Mannesmann und die Vorgeschichte der Zweiten Marokkokrise’, in I. Geiss and Bernd Jürgen Wendt (eds) Deutschland in der Weltpolitik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (Düsseldorf 1973), pp. 251–270 and Poidevin, Relation économiques, pp. 475–480.
238
Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 654–819.
239
Documents diplomatiques francais 1871–1914, 2 série, Vol. IV (Paris 193 2). № 174, p. 245. See also Raymond Poidevin, Finances et Relations Internationales 1887–1914 (Paris 1970), p. 91.
240
Poidevin, Finances et Relations Internationales, p. 92.
241
C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (London 1967), pp. 284 ff.
242
Poidevin, Relations économiques, pp. 553–554; John Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Anny (London 1977), p. 156.
243
F. Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, (Düsseldorf 1969), p. 422.
244
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, p. 423.
245
Michel, op. cit., p. 336.
246
E. Rosenbaum and A. J. Sherman, Das Bankhaus M. M. Warburg Ε– Co. 1798–1938 (Hamburg 1976), p. 140.
247
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temherley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1998–1914, Vol. XI (London 1926). No. 3 67, pp. 226–227.
248
Quoted in Georges Haupt, Socialism and the Great War: The Collapse of the Second International (Oxford 1972), pp. 73–74.
249
Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (3rd edn, London 1911), p. 269.
250
See Rolf Weitowitz, Deutsche Politik und Handelspolitik unter Reichskanzler Leo von Caprivi 1890–1894 (Dusseldorf 1978) Ch. 7.
251
See Egmont Zechlin, ’Deutschland zwischen Kabinetts– und Wirtschaftskrieg’, Historische Zeitschrift, 199 (1964) and Fischer’s reply in Krieg der Illusionen, pp. 529–530.
252
Fischer, Krieg der Illusionen, p. 540, quoting the President of the Russian Duma’s committee on agriculture.
253
See the excellent discussion in Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins of the First World War (New York 1977), pp. 59–68, and Kennedy, op. cit., Ch. 15. See also the statistics in Michael Balfour, The Kaiser and his Times (London 1964) Appendix I.
254
Steiner, op cit., p. 41
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