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168
E. Halevy A History of the English People in 1905–1918 (London 1934), p. 548,fn. 4
169
See Wolfgang Hunseler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich und die Irische Frage 1900–1914 (Frankfurt-am-Main 1978).
170
G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley (eds) British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914, Vol. X (London 1936) Part II, No. 461, p. 675. (Hereinafter referred to as BD.)
171
Die grosse Politik der Europaischen Kab’mette, Vol. XXXIX (Berlin 1926). No. 15674, p. 261 (Hareinafter referred to as GP.)
172
See the important work of Gerd Krumeich. Armaments and Politics in France on the Eve of the First World War: The Introduction of Three-Year Conscription 1913–1914. (Eng– trans., Leamington Spa 1984.)
173
France, Archives Nationales, Papiers Poincare. Vol. XXXVI. Notes Journalieres Mars-Aout 1914. Fonds Nouvelles: Acquisitions francaises, No. 16027, p. 122, I am most grateful to Professor Arno J. Mayer for generously making available to me his transcript of these unpublished notes.
174
GP XXXIX. No. 15667, p. 250.
175
Quoted in L. Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914 (London 1953), Vol. I, p. 373. See also L. C. F. Turner, The edge of the precipice: a comparison between November 1912 and July 1914’, R. M. C. Historical, 3 (Canberra 1974).
176
Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire 1801–1917 (Oxford 1967), p. 629; Geoffrey A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment; Government and Duma 1906–1914 (Cambridge 1973), pp. 10, 54.
177
Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy (London 1939) p. 157.
178
Out of my Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov (Stanford 1935), p. 439.
179
BD X, Part II, No. 611, p. 493.
180
Pares, op. cit., 157.
181
See Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 695–696.
182
Quoted in I. V. Bestuzhev, ’Russian foreign policy February-June 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History I, No. 3 (1966) 105.
183
BD IX(2),No.611,p.493.
184
Georges Louis, Les Garnets Vol. I (Paris 1926), p. 87, quoted in Erwin Hölzle, Die Selbstentmachtung Europas (Göttingen 1975), p. 49.
185
BD IX, Part II, No. 849, p. 690. See also Hölzle, op. cit., 54.
186
Bestuzhev, op. cit., p. 104.
187
Mémoires d’Alexandra Isvolsky (Paris 1923), quoted in Albertini, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 574.
188
Die Internationalcn Beziehungen im Zeitalter des Imperialisimis: Dokitmente aits den Archiven der Zarischen und der Provisorischcn Regierung (German edn. ed O. Hoetsch, Berlin 1931) Vol. 1, No. 295, pp. 285–286.
189
Bestuzhev, op. cit., pp. 100–101.
190
DDI 3rd Series. Vol. I. (Rome 1974). No. 230, p. 134.
191
For an excellent discussion of the arguments see Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ’Domestic factors in German foreign policy before 1914’, Central European History, VI, No. 1 (March 1973). Also Michael R. Gordon, ’Domestic conflict and the origins of the First World War: the British and German cases’, Journal of Modern History 46, 2 (June 1974).
192
For example by Hans-Ulrich Wehler, esp. in Bismarck und der Imperialisms (Cologne 1969) and his article in English, ’Bismark’s Imperialism 1862–1890’, Past and Present, No. 48 (Aug. 1970). See also H. Pogge von Strandmann, ’Domestic origins of Germany’s colonial expansion under Bismarck’, Past and Present, No. 45 (Feb. 1969).
193
For example Erich Eyck, Das personliche Regiment Wilhelms II (Zürich 1948). For the Kaiser’s methods of government see J.C.G. Röhl, Germany Without Bismarck (London 1967).
194
J. von Miquel, Reden, Vol. IV (Halle 1914), pp. 279 ff. See Geoff Eley "Sammlungspolitik, Sicial imperialism and the Navy Law of 189.8’. Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 1 (1974).
195
Alfred von Tirpitz, Erinnerungen (Leipzig 1919), p. 52. For Tirpitz’s policies, see esp. Volker R. Berghahn, Der Tirpitz-Plan (Diisseldorf 1971); also Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 (London 1973).
196
Berghahn, Tirpitz-Plan, p. 13 and passim.
197
See Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Changes after Bismarck (New Haven and London 1980).
198
Gustav Noske, Erlebtes auf Aufstieg und Niedergang einer Dcmokratie (Offenbach-am-Main 1947), p. 40.
199
Kreuzzeitung, 3 July 1911, quoted in F. Fischer, Krieg der lllusionen (Diisseldorf 1969), p. 121
200
GP XXXIX. No. 10770, p. 406.
201
Quoted in Jean-Claude Allain, Joseph Cailaux: Le Defi Victorieux 1863–1914 (Paris 1978), p. 415.
202
Quoted in Fischer, op. cit., pp. 145–146.
203
GP XXXI, no. 11386, p. 155.
204
A. von Tirpitz, Polilische Dokitmente, Vol.! Der Aufbau der Deutschen Weltmacht (Stuttgart and Berlin 1924), pp. 318 ff. See also Fischer, op. cit., pp. 188–189.
205
Quoted in Konrad HJarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor (New Haven and London 1973), p. 102.
206
Quoted in Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, p. 176.
207
BD IX (2) No. 47, p. 37. See also Jarausch, op. cit., pp. 141–142.
208
BD VII, No. 736, p. 788.
209
Fritz Stern, ’Bethmann Hollweg and the war’, in Stern, The-Fauure Illiberalism (New York 1972), p. 267.
210
Quoted in Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, p. 185.
211
Quoted in
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