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128

E. Bernstein, ’Die Internationale Bedeutung des Wahlkampfes in Deutschland’, quoted in R. A. Fletcher, Revisionism and Empire (London 1984), p. 151.

129

Quoted in Jean-Jacques Becker, 1914: Comments les Francois sont entres dans la guerre (Paris 1977), p. 43, n. 174. For accounts of civil-military relations in France see David Ralston, The Army of the. Republic (Cambridge, — Mass. 1967) and especially Douglas Porch, The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge 1981).

130

See especially Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917 (London 1975). Ch. I.

131

Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-five Years 1892–1916, Vol. I (London 1925), pp. 284–285. See also Marder, op. cit, Vol. I, pp: 309–311.

132

Stone, Eastern Front, p. 71.

133

See John Whittam, The Politics of the Italian Army 1961–1918 (London 1977), pp. 151 ff.

134

Vladimir Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo (London 1967), p. 378.

135

Dedijer, op. ch., p. 415

136

Quoted in Norman Stone, ’Die Mobilmachung der österreichischungarischen Armee 1914’, Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 2, 1974.

137

Stone, Eastern Front, Ch. 4. See also Stone, ’Moltke and Conrad: relations between the Austro-Hungarian and German General Staffs 1909–1914’, The Historical Journal, ix. No. 2, reprinted in Kennedy, op. cit, pp. 222–251. For the details see especially Stone,’Mobilmachung’.

138

Stone, ’Mobilmachung’, p. 79.

139

L. C. F. Turner, ’The Russian mobilization of 1914’ in Kennedy, op. city p. 255.

140

Turner, ’Russian mobilization’. See also L. C. F. Turner, Origins of the First World War (London 1975).

141

Friedrich Graf Pourtales, Meine letzte Unterhandlungen in Sankt Petersburg (Berlin 1927), p. 27, quoted in L. Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914 (London 1953). Vol. II, p. 481.

142

Quoted in Turner, ’Russian mobilization’ in Kennedy, op. cit., p. 266.

143

Documents diplomatiques français, 3 serie, Vol. VIII (Paris 1935). No. 79. See also Turner, ’Russian mobilization’, p. 257.

144

Quoted in Sir Basil Liddell Hart, ’French military ideas before the First World War’ in Martin Gilbert (ed.) A Century of Conflict 1850–1950: Essays for A. J. P. Taylor (London 1966), p. 138.

145

Liddell Hart, op. cit., p. 140.

146

Quoted in S. R. Williamson, ’Joffre, reshapes French strategy 1911–1913’ in Kennedy, op. cit., p. 147.

147

J. J. C. Joffre, The Memoirs of Marshall Joffre, 2 vols (London 1932). Vol. I, p. 125. See also Albertini op. cit, Vol HI, p. 105.

148

Raymond Poincare, Au Service de la France: neuf années de souvenirs, 10 vols (Paris 1926–1933), Vol. IV, p. 484.

149

The various versions of the Schlieffen plan were first published in foil in 1956 and are printed in Gerhard Ritter, The Schlieffen Plan (Eng. tr. London 1958).

150

Rittert Schlieffen Plan, p. 136.

151

Grey of Fallodon, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 94. See also Samuel R. Williamson Jr, The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War 1904–1914 (Cambridge, Mass. 1969), p. 139.

152

Hansard, 5th series, Vol. XXXII, col. 107.

153

M. V. Brett (ed.) The Journals and Letters of Viscount Esher, 2 vols (London 1934), Vol. II, pp. 61–62. Williamson, Grand Strategy, p. 197.

154

Callwell, pp. cit, Vol. 1, pp. 154, 156.

155

Most recently by Erwin Holzle, Die Selbstentnwchtung Europas (Göttingen 1975).

156

See John Röhl, ’Admiral von Müller and the approach of war 1911–1914’, Historical Journal, xii (1964); 1914: Delusion or Design (London 1973); ’An der Schwelle zum Weltkrieg: eine Dokumentation uber der "Kriegsrat" vom 8 Dezember 1912’, Militaärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, I 1977; ^Die Generalprobe. Zur Geschichte und Bedeutung des "Kriegsrates" vom 8 Dezember 1912’ in Dirk Stegmarm, Bemd-Jürgen Wendt and Pefer-Ghristian Witt (eds) Industrielle Gesettschaft und politisches System (Bonn 1978). See also Fritz Fischer, Krieg der Iltusionen (Düsseldorf 1969), pp. 232 ff, but cf. Bernd F. Schulte, "Zu der Krisenkonferenz vom 8 Dezember 1912 in Berlin’, Historiches Jahrbuch, 102 Jahrgang ErsterHalbband(1982) 183–197.

157

Grey of Faflodon, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 69. See also Barbara W. Tuchman, TheGuns of August (New York 1962), pp. 195–197.

158

Lancelot L. Farrar Jr, The Short War Illusion (Santa Barbara 1973).

159

С. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire 1790–1918 (London 1968), p. 768, fh.l

160

A. J. P. Taylor, The Troublemakers (London 1957).

161

Quoted in Zara S. Steiner, Britain and Origins of the First World War (London 1977), p. 143.

162

Hansard 5th series. Vol. XXXII, cols 57–58. See also Keith Robbins, Sir Edward Grey (London 1971), pp. 252–253.

163

C. E. Callwell, Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson. Vol. I (London 1927), p. 139. For British military thinking about Ireland, see the valuable work of Ann Vorce, ’The role of Ireland in British defence planning 1908–1914’ (unpublished MA thesis, University of London 1975).

164

H. H. Asquith, Letters to Venetia Stanley selected and edited by Michael and Eleanor Brock (London 1982), p. 123.

165

J. A. Spender and C. Asquith, Life of Herbert Henry Asquith, Lord Oxford and Asquith, Vol. II (London 1932), p. 83.

166

General Sir N. Lyttleton to R. Haldane, PRO London WO32/7081, quoted in Vorce op. cit., p. 4.

167

1 am grateful to the later Mr E. M. Robertson for