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36 A. P. Fitzpatrick. The Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen: Bell Beaker Burials at Boscombe Down, Amesbury, Wiltshire (Salisbury, UK: Wessex Archaeology Reports, 2011).

37 I. Olalde et al. “The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe”, bioRxiv (2017): doi. org/10.1101/135962.

38 L. M. Cassidy et al. “Neolithic and Bronze Age Migration to Ireland and Establishment of the Insular Atlantic Genome”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 113 (2016): 368–373.

39 C. Renfrew. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

40 Там же.

41 P. Bellwood. “Human Migrations and the Histories of Major Language Families” in The Global Prehistory of Human Migration (Chichester, UK, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 87–95.

42 С. Renfrew. Archaeology and Language; P. Bellwood, First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).

43 Haak et al. “Massive Migration”; Allentoft et al. “Bronze Age Eurasia”.

44 D. W. Anthony, D. Ringe. “The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives”, Annual Review of Linguistics 1 (2015): 199–219.

45 L. Poliakov. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

Глава 6. Столкновение, сотворившее Индию

1 The Rigveda, trans. Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), hymns 1.33, 1.53, 2.12, 3.30, 3.34, 4.16, 4.28.

2 M. Witzel. “Early Indian History: Linguistic and Textual Parameters”, in The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, ed. George Erdosy (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995), 85–125.

3 Rita P. Wright. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Gregory L. Possehl. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2002).

4 Там же.

5 A. Parpola. Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); S. Farmer, R. Sproat, M. Witzel. “The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization”, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 11 (2004): 19–57.

6 Richard H. Meadow, ed. Harappa Excavations 1986–1990: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism (Madison, WI: Prehistory Press, 1991); A. Lawler. “Indus Collapse: The End or the Beginning of an Asian Culture?”, Science 320 (2008): 1281–1283.

7 J. Puhvel. Comparative Mythology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).

8 Wright. The Ancient Indus; Possehl. The Indus Civilization.

9 A. Rosenberg. The Myth of the Twentieth Century: An Evaluation of the Spiritual-Intellectual Confrontations of Our Age, trans. Vivian Bird (Torrance, CA: Noontide Press, 1982).

10 L. Poliakov. The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

11 B. Arnold. “The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany”, Antiquity 64 (1990): 464–478.

12 B. Ward-Perkins. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

13 P. Bellwood. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).

14 Там же.

15 M. Witzel. “Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Rigvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)”, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 5 (1999): 1–67.

16 K. Thangaraj et al. “Reconstructing the Origin of Andaman Islanders”, Science 308 (2005): 996; K. Thangaraj et al. “In situ Origin of Deep Rooting Lineages of Mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup ‘M’ in India”, BMC Genomics 7 (2006): 151.

17 R. S. Wells et al. “The Eurasian Heartland: A Continental Perspective on Y-chromosome Diversity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 98 (2001): 10244–10249; M. Bamshad et al. “Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations”, Genome Research 11 (2001): 994–1004; I. Thanseem et al. “Genetic Affinities Among the Lower Castes and Tribal Groups of India: Inference from Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA”, BMC Genetics 7 (2006): 42.

18 Thangaraj et al. “Andaman Islanders”.

19 D. Reich et al. “Reconstructing Indian Population History”, Nature 461 (2009): 489–494.

20 R. E. Green et al. “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome”, Science 328 (2010): 710–722.

21 Thangaraj et al. “Deep Rooting Lineages”.

22 Reich et al. “Reconstructing Indian Population History”; P. Moorjani et al. “Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India”, American Journal of Human Genetics 93 (2013): 422–438.

23 Там же.

24 I. Karve. Hindu Society – An Interpretation (Pune, India: Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, 1961).

25 P. A. Underhill et al. “The Phylogenetic and Geographic Structure of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1a”, European Journal of Human Genetics 23 (2015): 124–131.

26 S. Perur. “The Origins of Indians: What Our Genes Are Telling Us”, Fountain Ink, December 3, 2013, http://fountainink.in/?p=4669&all=1.

27 K. Bryc et al. “The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans Across the United States”, American Journal of Human Genetics 96 (2015): 37–53.

28 L. G. Carvajal-Carmona et al. “Strong Amerind/White Sex Bias and a Possible Sephardic Contribution Among the Founders of a Population in Northwest Colombia”, American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (2000): 1287–1295; G. Bedoya et al. “Admixture Dynamics in Hispanics: A Shift in the Nuclear Genetic Ancestry of a South American Population Isolate”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 103 (2006): 7234–7239.

29 Moorjani et al. “Recent Population Mixture”.

30 Там же.

31 R. Thapar. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Karve. Hindu Society; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); M. N. Srinivas. Caste in Modern India and Other Essays (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962); L. Dumont. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

32 K. Suresh Singh. People of India: An Introduction (People of India National Series) (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002); K. C. Malhotra, T. S. Vasulu. “Structure of Human Populations in India” in Human Population Genetics: A Centennial Tribute to J. B. S. Haldane, ed. P. P. Majumder (New York: Plenum Press, 1993), 207–234.