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24 David Poskanzer et al., “Polio and Multiple Sclerosis”, Lancet (1963), 917–921; David Poskanzer et al., “Polio and Multiple Sclerosis”, Acta Neurological Scandinavica 42-S19 (1966), 85–90.

25 C. C. Patterson et al., “Is Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes a Wealth-Related Disease?” Diabetologia 44 (2001), supp. 3, B9 – B16.

26 Patricia McKinney et al., “Early Social Mixing and Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus”, Diabetic Medicine 17 (2000), 236–242.

27 A. L. Marshall et al., “Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Childhood: A Matched Case Control Study in Lancashire and Cumbria, U. K”., Diabetic Medicine 21 (2004), 1035–1040.

28 Jean-Francois Bach, “The Effect of Infections on Susceptibility to Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases”, New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002), 911–920; EURODIAB ACE Study Group,

“Variation and Trends in Incidence of Childhood Diabetes in Europe”, Lancet 355 (2000), 873–876; F. Farrokhyar et al., “A Critical Review of Epidemiological Studies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease”, Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 36 (2001), 2-15.

29 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, The Allergy Report: Science Based Findings on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic Disorders, 1996–2001; D. L. Jacobson et al., “Epidemiology and Estimated Population Bur den of Selected Autoimmune Diseases in the United States”, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 84 (1997), 223–243.

30 Результаты исследования, проведенного Американским фондом борьбы с волчанкой (Lupus Foundation of America, www.lupus.org) среди членов фонда.

31 Erika von Mutius et al. “Increasing Prevalence of Hay Fever and Atopy Among Children in Leipzig, East Germany”, Lancet 351 (1998), 862–866.

32 Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer et al., “Prevalence of Hay Fever and Allergic Sensitization in Farmers’ Children and Their Peers Living in the Same Rural Community”, Clinical and Experimental Allergy 29 (1999), 28–34.

33 JosefRidler et al., “Exposure to Farming in Early Life and Development of Asthma and Allergy: A Cross-Sectional Survey”, Lancet 358 (2001), 1129–1133; S. T. Remes et al., “Livestock over Field Crops: Which Factors Explain the Lower Prevalence of Atopy Amongst Farmers’ Children”, Clinical and Experimental Allergy 33 (2003), 427–434.

34 Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, Erika von Mutius, Allergy and Endotoxin Study Team, “Environmental Exposure to Endotoxin and Its Relation to Asthma in School-Age Children”, New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002), 869–877.

35 “Dogs over Cats: Childhood Environment and Adult Atopy: Results

from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103 (1999), 415–420; Marco Waser et al., “Exposure to Pets, and the Association with Hay Fever, Asthma, and Atopic Sensitization in Rural Children”, Allergy 60 (2005), 177–184; Erika von Mutius et al., “Exposure to Endotoxin or Other Bacterial Components Might Protect Against the Development of Atopy”, Clinical and Experimental Allergy 30 (2000), 1230–1234.

36 Paolo Matricardi et al., “Exposure to Foodborne and Orofecal Microbes Versus Airborne Viruses in Relation to Atopy and Allergic Asthma: Epidemiological Study”, British Medical Journal 320 (2000), 412–417. Интересно, кстати, что в 2003 году американский иммунолог Дейл Умэцу показал, что гепатит A, возбудитель которого – единственный вирус, для которого была показана связь со снижением заболеваемости аллергиями и астмой, может непосредственно уничтожать T-клетки второго типа, склонные вызывать развитие этих расстройств. Dale Umetsu et al., “Hepatitis A Virus Link to Atopic Disease”, Nature 425 (2003), 576.

37 Dale Umetsu et al., “Functional Heterogeneity Among Human Inducer T Cell Clones”, Journal of Immunology 140 (1988), 4211–4216.

38 Peter Yeung et al., “Heat-Killed Listeria monocytogenes as an Adjuvant Converts Established Murine Th2-Dominated Immune Responses into Th1-Dominated Responses”, Journal of Immunology 151 (1998), 4146–4152.

39 Gesine Hansen et al., “Allergen-Specific Th1 Cells Fail to Counterbalance Th2 Cell-Induced Airway Hyperreactivity but Cause Severe Airway Inflammation”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 103 (1999), 175–183.

40 Philippe Stock et al., “Induction of T Helper Type 1-like Regulatory Cells That Express Foxp3 and Protect Against Airway Hyper-reactivity”, Nature Immunology (2004), 1149–1156.

41 Shohei Hori et al., “Control of Regulatory T Cell Development by the Transcription Factor Foxp3”, Science 299 (2003), 1057–1061.

42 R. S. Wildin et al., “Clinical and Molecular Features of the Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrmopathy, Enteropathy, X Linked (IPEX) Syndrome”, Journal of Medical Genetics 39 (2002), 537–545.

43 Stock et al., “Induction of T Helper Type 1-like Regulatory Cells”.

44 Толл-подобные рецепторы получили такое название вовсе не ради аллюзии на toll booths (будки для сбора денег за проезд по платным дорогам или парковку), а за свое сходство с белком плодовых мушек, который в испорченном состоянии придает им несуразный вид. “Несуразный”по-немецки toll, поэтому Кристиана Нюсляйн-Фольхард (Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard), открывшая эти белки немецкая исследовательница, и дала им такое название.

45 Эта жизненно важная игра в “покажи и расскажи”происходит в основном в лимфатических узлах – этих сгустках специализированной иммунной ткани, в буквальном смысле распухающих от бурной деятельности во время инфекции.

46 R. Maldonado-Lopez et al., “CD8 Subclasses of Dendritic Cells Direct the Development of Distinct T Helper Cells In Vivo”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 189 (1999), 587–592.

47 Akiko Iwasaki, Ruslan Medzhitov, “Toll-like Receptor Control of the Adaptive Immune Responses”, Nature Immunology 5 (2004), 987–995.

48 Daniel Hawiger et al., “Dendritic Cells Induce Peripheral T-cell Unresponsiveness Under Steady State Conditions In Vivo”, Journal of Experimental Medicine 194 (2001), 769–779.

49 Ralph Steinman et al., “Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells”, Annual Review of Immunology 21 (2003), 685–711.

50 Ralph Steinman et al., “Dendritic Cells Function In Vivo During the Steady-State: A Role in Peripheral Tolerance”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 987 (2003), 15–27.

51 Stock et al., “Induction of T Helper Type 1-like Regulatory Cells”.

52 Holden Maecker et al., “Vaccination with Allergin-IL-18 Fusion DNA Protects Against, and Reverses Established, Airway Hyperreactivity in a Murine Asthma Model”, Journal of Immunology 166 (2001), 959–965.