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59 Ian Kroes, Paul Lepp, and David Relman, “Bacterial Diversity Within the Human Subgingival Crevice”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (1999) 14547-14552.

60 Bruce Paster et al., “Bacterial Diversity in Human Subgingival Plaque”, Journal of Bacteriology 183 (2001), 3770–3083; C. E. Kazor et al., “Diversity of Bacterial Populations on the Tongue Dorsa of Patients with Halitosis and Healthy Patients”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41 (2003), 558–563; Bruce Paster et al., “The Breadth of Bacterial Diversity in the Human Periodontal Pocket and Other Oral Sites”, Periodontology2000 42 (2006), 80–87.

61 Steven Gill et al., “Metagenomic Analysis of the Human Distal Gut Microbiome”, Science 312 (2006), 1355–1359.

62 Интервью, взятые автором у Дэвида Релмана в феврале – марте 2005 г.

63 Интервью, взятые автором у Алана Хадсона в январе – марте 2005 г.

64 H. С. Gerard et al., “Chromosomal DNA from a Variety of Bacterial Species Is Present in Synovial Tissue from Patients with Various Forms of Arthritis”, Arthritis and Rheumatology 44 (2001), 1689–1697.

65 B. J. Balin et al., “Identification and Localization of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the Alzheimer’s Brain”, Medical Microbiology and Immunology 187 (1998), 23–42.

66 John Grayston, “Does Chlamydia pneumoniae Cause Atherosclerosis?” Archives of Surgery 134 (1999), 930–934; E. V. Kozarov et al., “Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Contains Viable Invasive Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis”, Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 25 (2005), 17–18.

67 Christopher Cannon et al., “Antibiotic Treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae After Acute Coronary Syndrome”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005), 1646–1654.

68 Информация о компании ActivBiotics Pharma: www.activbioticspharma.com / aboutactivbioticspharma.html.

69 J. R. O’Dell et al., “Treatment of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis with Minocycline or Placebo: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial”, Arthritis and Rheumatism 40 (1997), 842–848.

70 Susan Swedo et al., “Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 5 °Cases”, American Journal of Psychiatry 155 (1998), 264–271.

Часть 3. Не слишком ли мы чистые?

1 Эпиграф: Charles Dudley Warner, My Summer in a Garden (1870; Modern Library, 2002), 4.

2 Joseph Kirsner, “Historical Origins of Current IBD Concepts”, World Journal of Gastroenterology 7 (2001), 175–184; Richard Logan, “Inflammatory Bowel Disease Incidence: Up, Down or Unchanged?” Gut 42 (1998), 309–311.

3 Я впервые услышала термин “болезнь гражданства” от соседа, иммигранта из Нигерии в первом поколении, который говорит, что слышал этот термин также от иммигрантов из России.

4 Hasan Arshad, Suresh Babu, Stephen Holdate, “History of Allergy” // Martin Dunitz, ed., Anti-IgE Therapy for Asthma and Allergy (London: Taylor & Francis, 2001).

5 M. B. Emanuel, “Hay Fever, a Post-industrial Revolution Epidemic: A History of Its Growth During the 19th Century”, Clinical Allergy 18 (1988), 295–304.

6 William Heberden, Commentarii de moroborum historia et curatione (London: 1802), глава 11.

7 John Bostock, “On the Catarrhus aestivus or Summer Catarrh”, Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 14 (1828), 437–446.

8 Charles Blackley, Experimental Researches on the Causes and Nature of Cattarrhus aestivus (Hay-Fever or Hay-Asthma) (London: Balliere, Tindeall and Cox, 1873).

9 Emanuel, “Hay Fever”.

10 Alfred Neugut et al., “Anaphylaxis in the United States”, Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (2001), 15–21; Hugh Sampson, “Food Allergy. Part 1: Immunopathogenesis and Clinical Disorders”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103 (1999), 717–728.

11 Spyros Marketos, Constantine Bailas, “Bronchial Asthma in the Medical Literature of Greek Antiquity”, Journal of Asthma 19 (1982), 263–269.

12 Oystein Ore, Cardano the Gambling Scholar (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953).

13 Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, Chronic Conditions: A Challenge for the 21st Century (National Academy on an Aging Society, 2000).

14 B. Taylor et al., “Changes in the Reported Prevalence of Childhood Eczema Since the 1939-45 War”, Lancet 2 (1984), 1255–1257.

15 D. P. Strachan, R. A. Elton, “Relationship Between Respiratory Morbidity in Children and the Home Environment”, Family Practice 3 (1986), 137–142.

16 David Strachan, “Hay Fever, Hygiene, and Household Size”, British Medical Journal 299 (1989), 1259–1260.

17 C. Svanes et al., “Childhood Environment and Adult Atopy: Results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103 (999), 415–420.

18 David Strachan, “Family Size, Infection and Atopy”, Thorax55 (2000), S2 – S10.

19 S. L. Prescott et al., “Development of Allergen-Specific T-cell Memory in Atopic and Normal Children”, Lancet 353 (1999), 196–200; F. D. Martinez, “Maturation of Immune Responses at the Beginning of Asthma”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 103 (1999), 355–361.

20 “Plagued by Cures”, Economist, November 22, 1997, 95.

21 Thomas Ball et al., “Siblings, Day-Care Attendance and the Risk of Asthma and Wheezing During Childhood”, New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000), 538–543.

22 David Strachan et al., “Family Structure, Neonatal Infection and Hay Fever in Adolescence”, Archives of Diseases in Childhood 74 (1996), 422–426.

23 K. Wickens et al., “Antibiotic Use in Early Childhood and the Development of Asthma”, Clinical and Experimental Allergy 6 (1999), 766–771; J. H. Droste et al., “Does the Use of Antibiotics in Early Childhood Increase the Risk of Asthma and Allergic Disease?” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 11 (2000), 1547–1553; T. M. McKeever et al., “Early Exposure to Infections and Antibiotics and the Incidence of Allergic Disease”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 109 (2002), 43–50; Anne-Louise Ponsonby et al., “Relationship

Between Early Life Respiratory Illness, Family Size over Time, and the Development of Asthma and Hay Fever: A Seven-Year Follow-up Study”, Thorax 54 (1999), 664–669; Christine Stabell Ben et al., “Cohort Study of Sibling Effect, Infectious Diseases, and Risk of Atopic Dermatitis During the First 18 Months of Life”, British Medical Journal 328 (2004), 1223–1226.