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15 Krings et al. “Neandertal DNA Sequences”.

16 M. Currat, L. Excoffier. “Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals During Their Range Expansion into Europe”, PLoS Biology 2 (2004): e421; D. Serre et al. “No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans”, PLoS Biology 2 (2004): e57; M. Nordborg.“On the Probability of Neanderthal Ancestry”, American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998): 1237–1240.

17 R. E. Green et al. “Analysis of One Million Base Pairs of Neanderthal DNA”, Nature 444 (2006): 330–336.

18 J. D. Wall and S. K. Kim. “Inconsistencies in Neanderthal Genomic DNA Sequences”, PLoS Genetics 3 (2007): 1862–1866.

19 Krings et al. “Neandertal DNA Sequences”.

20 S. Sankararaman et al. “The Date of Interbreeding Between Neandertals and Modern Humans”, PLoS Genetics 8 (2012): e1002947.

21 P. Moorjani et al. “A Genetic Method for Dating Ancient Genomes Provides a Direct Estimate of Human Generation Interval in the Last 45,000 Years”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 113 (2016): 5652–5657.

22 G. Coop. “Thoughts On: The Date of Interbreeding Between Neandertals and Modern Humans”, Haldane’s Sieve, September 18, 2012, https://haldanessieve.org/2012/09/18/thoughts-on-neandertal-article/

23 K. Prüfer et al. “The Complete Genome Sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains”, Nature (2013): doi: 10.1038/nature 12886.

24 Там же.

25 Там же; M. Meyer et al. “A High-Coverage Genome Sequence from an Archaic Denisovan Individual”, Science 338 (2012): 222–226; J. D. Wall et al. “Higher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians Than in Europeans”, Genetics 194 (2013): 199–209.

26 Q. Fu et al. “The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe”, Nature 534 (2016): 200–205.

27 I. Lazaridis et al. “Genomic Insights into the Origin of Farming in the Ancient Near East”, Nature 536 (2016): 419–424.

28 Trinkaus et al. “An Early Modern Human”.

29 “An Early Modern Human from Romania with a Recent Neanderthal Ancestor”, Nature 524 (2015): 216–219.

30 N. Teyssandier, F. Bon, and J.-G. Bordes. “Within Projectile Range: Some Thoughts on the Appearance of the Aurignacian in Europe”, Journal of Anthropological Research 66 (2010): 209–229; P. Mellars. “Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the ‘Aurignacian’ ”, Evolutionary Anthropology 15 (2006): 167–182.

31 M. Currat, L. Excoffier. “Strong Reproductive Isolation Between Humans and Neanderthals Inferred from Observed Patterns of Introgression”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 108 (2011): 15129–15134.

32 S. Sankararaman et al. “The Genomic Landscape of Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans”, Nature 507 (2014): 354–357; B. Vernot, J. M. Akey. “Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes”, Science 343 (2014): 1017–1021.

33 N. Patterson et al. “Genetic Evidence for Complex Speciation of Humans and Chimpanzees”, Nature 441 (2006): 1103–1108.

34 Там же; R. Burgess, Z. Yang. “Estimation of Hominoid Ancestral Population Sizes Under Bayesian Coalescent Models Incorporating Mutation Rate Variation and Sequencing Errors”, Molecular Biology and Evolution 25 (2008): 1975–1994.

35 J. A. Coyne and H. A. Orr. “Two Rules of Speciation”, in Speciation and Its Consequences, ed. Daniel Otte and John A. Endler (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1989), 180–207.

36 P. K. Tucker et al. “Abrupt Cline for Sex-Chromosomes in a Hybrid Zone Between Two Species of Mice”, Evolution 46 (1992): 1146–1163.

37 H. Li, R. Durbin. “Inference of Human Population History from Individual Whole-Genome Sequences”, Nature 475 (2011): 493–496.

38 T. Mailund et al. “A New Isolation with Migration Model Along Complete Genomes Infers Very Different Divergence Processes Among Closely Related Great Ape Species”, PLoS Genetics 8 (2012): e1003125.

39 J. Y. Dutheil et al. “Strong Selective Sweeps on the X Chromosome in the Human-Chimpanzee Ancestor Explain Its Low Divergence”, PLoS Genetics 11 (2015): e1005451.

40 Sankararaman et al. “Genomic Landscape”; B. Jégou et al. “Meiotic Genes Are Enriched in Regions of Reduced Archaic Ancestry”, Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (2017): 1974–1980.

41 Q. Fu et al. “Ice Age Europe”.

42 I. Juric, S. Aeschbacher, G. Coop. “The Strength of Selection Against Neanderthal Introgression”, PLoS Genetics 12 (2016): e1006340; K. Harris, R. Nielsen. “The Genetic Cost of Neanderthal Introgression”, Genetics 203 (2016): 881–891.

43 G. Bhatia et al. “Genome-Wide Scan of 29, 141 African Americans Finds No Evidence of Directional Selection Since Admixture”, American Journal of Human Genetics 95 (2014): 437–444.

44 Johann G. Fichte. Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre (Jena, Germany: Gabler, 1794).

Глава 3. Древняя ДНК открывает шлюзы

1 J. Krause et al. “Neanderthals in Central Asia and Siberia”, Nature 449 (2007): 902–904.

2 J. Krause et al. “The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia”, Nature 464 (2010): 894–897.

3 C. Posth et al. “Deeply Divergent Archaic Mitochondrial Genome Provides Lower Time Boundary for African Gene Flow into Neanderthals”, Nature Communications 8 (2017): 16046.

4 Krause et al. “Unknown Hominin”.

5 D. Reich et al. “Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia”, Nature 468 (2010): 1053–1060.

6 K. Prüfer et al. “The Complete Genome Sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains”, Nature (2013): doi: 10.1038/nature 12886.

7 Jerry A. Coyne, H. Allen Orr. Speciation (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2004).

8 S. Sankararaman, S. Mallick, N. Patterson, D. Reich. “The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans”, Current Biology 26 (2016): 1241–1247.

9 P. Moorjani et al. “A Genetic Method for Dating Ancient Genomes Provides a Direct Estimate of Human Generation Interval in the Last 45,000 Years”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 113 (2016): 5652–5657.

10 Sankararaman et al. “Combined Landscape”.

11 D. Reich et al. “Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania”, American Journal of Human Genetics 89 (2011): 516–528.

12 Q. Fu et al. “DNA Analysis of an Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave, China”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 110 (2013): 2223–2227; M. Yang et al. “40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia”, Current Biology 27 (2017): 3202–3208.