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278
Nomazulu Thata. “Tribalism or Ethnic Disharmony Retards Zimbabwe’s Development – Part 4.3”, Bulawayo 24 News, 13 June 2016; http://bulawayo24.com/Opinion/Columnist/90143 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
279
Klaas (2016), The Despot’s Accomplice.
280
Neil DeVotta. “The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka”, Asian Survey 49, no. 6 (2009): 1021–51.
281
Centre for Monitoring Election Violence (CMEV). “Election Violence in Sri Lanka”; https://cmev.org (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
282
Centre for Monitoring Election Violence (CMEV). “Election Violence in Sri Lanka”; https://cmev.org (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
283
“Sri Lanka Pre-election Attack Leaves One Person Dead”, BBC News, 12 January 2010; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8454285.htm (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
284
“Violence Flares Before Sri Lankan Election”, ABC News, 23 January 2010; http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2010/s2799549.htm (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017); “Tiran Alles Residence Comes Under Grenade Attack”, TamilNet, 22 January 2010; https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=31033 (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
285
Commonwealth Secretariat. “Report of the Commonwealth Expert Team: Sri Lanka presidential election”; http://reliefweb.int/sites/relief-web.int/files/resources/96C7C3124913DE58852576CB0064E67B-Full_Report.pdf (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
286
Commonwealth Secretariat. “Report of the Commonwealth Expert Team: Sri Lanka presidential election”; http://reliefweb.int/sites/relief-web.int/files/resources/96C7C3124913DE58852576CB0064E67B-Full_Report.pdf (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
287
Commonwealth Secretariat. “Report of the Commonwealth Expert Team: Sri Lanka presidential election”; http://reliefweb.int/sites/relief-web.int/files/resources/96C7C3124913DE58852576CB0064E67B-Full_Report.pdf (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
288
Lanka Election (2013). “Sri Lankan Presidential Election”; http://www.lankaelection.com/presidential_election/2010/ (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
289
Centre for Monitoring Election Violence (CMEV). “Election violence in Sri Lanka”; https://cmev.org (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
290
John Hickman. “Is Electoral Violence Effective? Evidence from Sri Lanka’s 2005 Presidential Election”, Contemporary South Asia 17, no. 4 (2009): 429–35.
291
CTV News. “22 Murders in 2 Months Connected to Brazilian Municipal Elections: Report”, 3 September 2012; https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/22-murders-in-2-months-connected-to-brazilian-municipal-elections-report-1.940948 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
292
Teresa P. R. Caldeira and James Holston. “Democracy and Violence in Brazil”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 41, no. 4 (1999): 691–729.
293
Hannah Stone. “Drug Gangs Cast Shadow Over Guatemala Campaign Funding”, InSight Crime, 6 September 2011; http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/drug-gangs-cast-shadow-over-guatemala-campaignfunding (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
294
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, “Case Study of Electoral Violence in Guatemala”.
295
International Crisis Group. “Guatemala: Drug Trafficking and Violence”, 2011 Briefing.
296
Anna-Claire Bevan. “Politics is a Death Sentence in Guatemala”, New Internationalist, 7 July 2011; https://newint.org/blog/2011/07/07/guatemala-election-violence (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
297
International Crisis Group (2011). “Guatemala: Drug Trafficking and Violence”.
298
“Mayor in Russia Sent to Prison for Corruption”, Associated Press, 3 August 2016; http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article3721275/May-or-Russia-sent-prison-corruption.html (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
299
“Russian Mayor Who Left Ruling Party Arrested on Corruption Charges”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 July 2013; https://www.rferl.org/a/yaroslavl-urlashov-arrest-putin/25035230.html (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
300
“Once Russian Opposition’s Hope, Ex-Yaroslavl Mayor Gets Lengthy Jail Sentence”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 3 August 2016; https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-yaroslavl-mayor-jailed-bribery/27897703.html (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
301
David M. Herszenhorn. “Russian Mayor, an Opposition Figure, is Arrested”, New York Times, 3 July 2013; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/world/europe/russian-mayor-an-opposition-figure-is-arrested.html (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
302
Lawrence P. Markowitz. “Tajikistan: Authoritarian Reaction in a Postwar State”, Democratization 19, no. 1 (2012): 98–119.
303
Cholpon Orozobekova. “Tajikistan? The Iron First Closes”, The Diplomat, 8 June 2016; https://thediplomat.com/2016/06/tajikistan-the-ironfist-closes/ (дата обращения – 16 декабря 2017).
304
Human Rights Watch. “Tajikistan: End Crackdown Ahead of Election”, 2013; ttps://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/21/tajikistanend-crackdown-ahead-election (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
305
Human Rights Watch. “Tajikistan: End Crackdown Ahead of Election”, 2013; ttps://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/21/tajikistanend-crackdown-ahead-election (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
306
Human Rights Watch. “Tajikistan: End Crackdown Ahead of Election”, 2013; ttps://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/21/tajikistanend-crackdown-ahead-election (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).
307
Freedom House (2014), “Nations in Transit 2014: Tajikistan”.
308
Human Rights Watch. “Tajikistan: Rights Group Forced to Close”, 25 October 2012; https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/25/tajikistan-rights-group-forced-close (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
309
Freedom House (2013), “Freedom in the World 2013: Tajikistan”.
310
Shahram Akbarzadeh. “Geopolitics Versus Democracy in Tajikistan”, Demokratizatsiya 14, no. 4 (2006): 563–78, 563.
311
Daniel Branch and Nic Cheeseman. “Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya”, African Affairs 108, no. 430 (2008): 1–26.
312
Jacqueline M. Klopp and Elke Zuern. “The Politics of Violence in Democratization: Lessons from Kenya and South Africa”, Comparative Politics 39, no. 2 (2007): 127–46.
313
Stephen Brown. “Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in Power”, Third World Quarterly 22, no. 5 (2001): 725–39.
314
Branch and Cheeseman (2008), “Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa”.
315
Mueller (2008), “The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis”.
316
Богатую теоретическим материалом дискуссию о том, как произошла эта мобилизация, см.: Catherine Boone (2011), “Politically Allocated Land Rights and the Geography
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