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43. Чисто технически это предотвращало ожидаемое понижение уровня кортизола. Schvey, Puhl, and Brownell, “The Stress of Stigma”. См. также: Tomiyama et al., “Associations of Weight Stigma with Cortisol and Oxidative Stress Independent of Adiposity”.

44. Полным актерам достается лишь 5% главных ролей в телешоу, а для съемок в фильме не считается обязательным заключать с ними контракт. Bradley S. Greenberg et al., “Portrayals of Overweight and Obese Individuals on Commercial Television”, American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 8 (August 10, 2003): 1342^8, doi: 10.2105/ AJPH.93.8.1342.

45. Jeffrey M. Hunger and A. Janet Tomiyama, “Weight Labeling and Obesity”, JAMA Pediatrics (April 28, 2014), doi: 10.1001/ jamapediatrics.2014.122. Статистические данные о взрослых см. в работе: Angelina R. Sutin and Antonio Terracciano, “Perceived Weight Discrimination and Obesity”, ed. Robert L. Newton, PloS One 8, no. 7 (January 2013): e70048, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070048.

46. Flegal et al., “Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index among US Adults, 1999-2010”.

47. Tatiana Andreyeva, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “Changes in Perceived Weight Discrimination among Americans, 1995-1996 through 2004-2006”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 16, no. 5 (May 2008): 1129-34, doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.35.

48. Gordon W. Allport, “The Nature of Prejudice” (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1954). Для ознакомления с характерным примером гомофобии см.: Sebastian Е. Barto, Israel Berger, and Peter Hegarty, “Interventions to Reduce Sexual Prejudice: A Study-Space Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review”, Journal of Sex Research 51, no. 4 (January 2014): 363-82, doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.871625.

49. S. S. Wang, K. D. Brownell, and T. A. Wadden, “The Influence of the Stigma of Obesity on Overweight Individuals”, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 28, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1333-7, doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730.

50. Tracy Moore, “I Don’t Love (or Hate) My Body — and So Can You!”, Jezebel.com, 2014, http://jezebel.com/i-dont-love-or-hate-my-body-and-so-can-you-1557099034.

51. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, “The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls” (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).

52. Там же.

53. “Gym, Health & Fitness Clubs in the US: Market Research Report”, IBISWorld.com, 2014, http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/default. aspx?indid=57478.

54. Se-Jin Lee, “Regulation of Muscle Mass by Myostatin”, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 20 (January 8, 2004): 61-86, doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.012103.135836.

55. Frank Bruni, “These Wretched Vessels”, New York Times, December 24, 2012.

ГЛАВА 12. О РЕАЛЬНЫХ ПРИЧИНАХ НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ УПРАЖНЕНИЙ И О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПРИВЫЧКИ К НИМ

1. Четкая позиция по данному вопросу сформулирована в работе: Amy Luke and Richard S. Cooper, “Physical Activity Does Not Influence Obesity Risk: Time to Clarify the Public Health Message”, International Journal of Epidemiology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1831-36, doi:10.1093/ije/dytl59. Для ознакомления с противоположной точкой зрения см.: James О. Hill and John С. Peters, “Commentary: Physical Activity and Weight Control”, International Journal of Epidemiology 42, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 1840-42, doi: 10.1093/ije/dytl61.

2. Один из девяти фактов об ожирении, представленных в работе: Casazza et al., “Myths, Presumptions, and Facts about Obesity”.

3. Petra Stiegler and Adam Cunliffe, “The Role of Diet and Exercise for the Maintenance of Fat-Free Mass and Resting Metabolic Rate during

Weight Loss”, Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 36, no. 3 (January 2006): 239-62.

4. N. A. King et al., “The Interaction between Exercise, Appetite, and Food Intake: Implications for Weight Control”, American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 7, no. 4 (February 6, 2013): 265-73, doi: 10.1177/1559827613475584; Catia Martins et al., “Effects of Exercise on Gut Peptides, Energy Intake and Appetite”, Journal of Endocrinology 193, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 251-58, doi:10.1677/JOE-06-0030.

5. Carolina О. C. Werle, Brian Wansink, and Collin R. Payne, “Just Thinking about Exercise Makes Me Serve More Food: Physical Activity and Calorie Compensation”, Appetite 56, no. 2 (April 2011): 332-35, doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.12.016.

6. 150 минут тренировок средней интенсивности (или 75 минут тренировок высокой интенсивности) в неделю рекомендованы для поддержания здоровья, для похудения же надо заниматься спортом по 300 минут в неделю при средней интенсивности (или по 150 при высокой). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans”, http://www.health. gov/paguidelines/.

7. Этот вывод следует из анализа 80 экспериментов, в которых участвовало более миллиона человек. Примерно в половине исследований особое внимание уделялось контролю массы тела. Guenther Samitz, Matthias Egger, and Marcel Zwahlen, “Domains of Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies”, International Journal of Epidemiology 40, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 1382-400, doi:10.1093/ije/dyrll2.

8. За больными наблюдали более восьми лет. Edward W. Gregg et al., “Relationship of Walking to Mortality among US Adults with Diabetes”, Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 12 (June 23, 2003): 1440-7, doi:10.1001/archinte.l63.12.1440.

9. Samitz, Egger, and Zwahlen, “Domains of Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality”.

10. Huseyin Naci and John P. A. Ioannidis, “Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise and Drug Interventions on Mortality Outcomes: Metaepidemiological Study”, BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 347 (January 2013): f5577.

11. Там же.

12. Mark Hamer, Kim L. Lavoie, and Simon L. Bacon, “Taking Up Physical Activity in Later Life and Healthy Ageing: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 239-43, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092993.

13. Francesco Sofi et al., “Physical Activity during Leisure Time and Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies”, European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 247-57, doi: 10.1097/ HJR.0b013e3282f232ac.

14. Chong Do Lee, Aaron R. Folsom, and Steven N. Blair, “Physical Activity and Stroke Risk: A Meta-Analysis”, Stroke 34, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 2475-81, doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000091843.02517.9D.

15. Frank B. Hu et al., “Walking Compared with Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women”, JAMA 282, no. 15 (October 20,1999): 1433, doi:10.1001/jama.282.15.1433; S. P. Helmrich et al., “Physical Activity and Reduced Occurrence of Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus”, New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 3 (July 18, 1991): 147-52, doi:10.1056/NEJM199107183250302; Bridget M. Kuehn, “Physical Activity May Stave Off Diabetes for Women at Risk”, JAMA(dec63) 311, no. 22 (June 11, 2014): 2263, doi:10.1001/ jama.2014.6862.