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12. Статистические данные о мальчиках см. в работе: Nina Karnehed et al., “Obesity and Attained Education: Cohort Study of More than 700,000 Swedish Men”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 14, no. 8 (August 2006): 1421-28, doi:10.1038/oby.2006.161. Статистические данные о девочках см. в работе: R. Crosnoe, “Gender, Obesity, and Education”, Sociology of Education 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 241-60, doi:10.1177/003804070708000303. Статистические данные о мальчиках и девочках без учета уровня интеллекта см. в работе: Wardle, Waller, and Jarvis, “Sex Differences in the Association of Socioeconomic Status with Obesity”.

13. Jacob M. Burmeister et al., “Weight Bias in Graduate School Admissions”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 5 (May 2013): 918-20, doi:10.1002/ oby.20171.

14. Для ознакомления с обзором см.: R. Puhl and С. Heuer, “The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update”, Obesity 17, no. 5 (2009): 941-64.

15. Scott Klarenbach et al., “Population-Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 14, no. 5 (May 2006): 920-27, doi:10.1038/oby.2006.106.

16. Roehling et al., “The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes”.

17. K. S. O’Brien et al., “Obesity Discrimination: The Role of Physical Appearance, Personal Ideology, and Anti-Fat Prejudice”, International Journal of Obesity 37, no. 3 (March 2013): 455-60, doi:10.1038/ ijo.2012.52.

18. Klarenbach et al., “Population-Based Analysis of Obesity and Workforce Participation”.

19. Центру пришлось пересмотреть свою политику после того, как к ней было привлечено внимание журналистов. “Texas-Based Hospital ‘Citizens Medical Center’ Suspends Body Mass Index Employment Requirement”, Obesity Action Coalition, 2012, http:// www.obesityaction.org/newsroom/news-releases/2012-news-releases/ texas-based-hospital-citizens-medical-center-suspends-body-mass-index-employment-requirement.

20. Roehling et al., “The Effects of Weight Bias on Job-Related Outcomes”.

21. Обстоятельное обсуждение вопроса можно найти в главе 6 книги: Terry Poulton, “No Fat Chicks: How Big Business Profits by Making Women Hate Their Bodies — And How to Fight Back” (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1997).

22. Там же.

23. Charles L. Baum and William F. Ford, “The Wage Effects of Obesity: A Longitudinal Study”, Health Economics 13, no. 9 (September 2004): 885-99, doi:10.1002/hec.881. Для ознакомления с данными о состоянии дел в Европе см.: Giorgio Brunello and Béatrice D’Hombres, “Does Body Weight Affect Wages? Evidence from Europe”, Economics and Human Biology 5, no. 1 (March 2007): 1-19, doi:10.1016/j. ehb.2006.11.002.

24. Timothy A. Judge and Daniel M. Cable, “When It Comes to Pay, Do the Thin Win? The Effect of Weight on Pay for Men and Women”, Journal of Applied Psychology 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 95-112, doi: 10.1037/ a0020860.

25. Baum and Ford, “The Wage Effects of Obesity”.

26. Patricia V. Roehling et al., “Weight Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling Effect among Top US CEOs”, Equal Opportunities International 28, no. 2 (February 13, 2009): 179-96, doi:10.1108/02610150910937916.

27. Patricia V. Roehling et al., “Weight Bias in US Candidate Selection and Election”, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion 33, no. 4 (May 13, 2014): 334-46, doi: 10.1108/EDI-10-2013-0081.

28. N. A. Schvey et al., “The Influence of a Defendant’s Body Weight on Perceptions of Guilt”, International Journal of Obesity (2005) 37, no. 9 (September 2013): 1275-81, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.211.

29. Jason D. Seacat, Sarah C. Dougal, and Dooti Roy, “A Daily Diary Assessment of Female Weight Stigmatization”, Journal of Health Psychology (March 18, 2014): 1359105314525067-, doi: 10.1177/1359105314525067.

30. См. также: Puhl and Brownell, “Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma”.

31. Michael Scherer, “The Elephant in the Room: How Chris Christie Can Win Over the GOP”, Time, November 18, 2013.

32. Puhl and Brownell, “Confronting and Coping with Weight Stigma”.

33. См. главу 4 книги Poulton, “No Fat Chicks”. См. также: Lesley, “What’s Wrong with Fat-Shaming?”, XOJane.com, 2012, http://www.xojane. com/issues/whats-wrong-fat-shaming. Эту грустную и превосходно написанную статью стоит прочесть целиком.

34. Poulton, “No Fat Chicks”. См. также: Lesley, “What’s Wrong with Fat-Shaming?”.

35. Пример можно найти в работе: Rod Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”, Spectator, October 19, 2013.

36. Daniel Callahan, “Obesity: Chasing an Elusive Epidemic”, Hastings Center Report 43, no. 1 (2013): 34—40, doi:10.1002/hast.H4. Помимо этого, автор заявляет, что порицание курильщиков в последние десятилетия помогло уменьшить их количество. Неясно, правда ли это, но даже если так, то совсем необязательно, что такой метод применим и для борьбы с ожирением (судя по данным, которые приводятся в этой главе, он неэффективен).

37. Liddle, “If We Don’t Stigmatise Fat People, There’ll Be Lots More of Them”.

38. Brenda Major et al., “The Ironic Effects of Weight Stigma”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 51 (March 2014): 74-80, doi:10.1016/j. jesp.2013.11.009.

39. Подтверждают это и другие эксперименты. См.: Elizabeth А. Pascoe and Laura Smart Richman, “Effect of Discrimination on Food Decisions”, Self and Identity 10, no. 3 (July 2011): 396-406, doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.526384; Natasha A. Schvey, Rebecca M. Puhl, and Kelly D. Brownell, “The Impact of Weight Stigma on Caloric Consumption”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 10 (October 2011): 1957-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2011.204; Rebecca Puhl, Joerg Luedicke, and Jamie Lee Peterson, “Public Reactions to Obesity-Related Health Campaigns: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 45, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 36-48, doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2013.02.010.

40. Lenny R. Vartanian and Sarah A. Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 19, no. 4 (April 2011): 757-62, doi:10.1038/oby.2010.234; Lenny R. Vartanian and Jacqueline G. Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior: A Preliminary Investigation among College-Aged Females”, Journal of Health Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 131-38, doi: 10.1177/1359105307084318.

41. Jason D. Seacat and Kristin D. Mickelson, “Stereotype Threat and the Exercise / Dietary Health Intentions of Overweight Women”, Journal of Health Psychology 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 556-67, doi: 10.1177/1359105309103575.

42. Vartanian and Shaprow, “Effects of Weight Stigma on Exercise Motivation and Behavior”; Vartanian and Novak, “Internalized Societal Attitudes Moderate the Impact of Weight Stigma on Avoidance of Exercise”.