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26

MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson, The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton Landmarks in Biology (Princeton University Press, 2001), 152.

27

Darwin, Charles, Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle, Under the Command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N., from 1832 to 1836 (Henry Colborun, 1839), in chap. 17.

28

Coyne, Jerry A., and Trevor D. Price, "Little Evidence for Sympatric Speciation in Island Birds," Evolution 54, no. 6 (2000): 2166–2171.

29

Darwin, Charles, On the Origin of Species, 6th ed. (John Murray, 1872), in chap. 13. [Цит. по: Дарвин Ч. Происхождение видов путем естественного отбора, или Сохранение благоприятных рас в борьбе за жизнь. – 2-е изд. – СПб.: Наука, 2001. С. 345. – Прим. ред.]

30

Quammen, The Song of the Dodo, 19.

31

Izzo, Victor M., Yolanda H. Chen, Sean D. Schoville, Cong Wang, and David J. Hawthorne, "Origin of Pest Lineages of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)," Journal of Economic Entomology 111, no. 2 (2018): 868–878.

32

Martin, Michael D., Filipe G. Vieira, Simon Y. W. Ho, Nathan Wales, Mikkel Schubert, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Jean B. Ristaino, and M. Thomas P. Gilbert, "Genomic Characterization of a South American Phytophthora Hybrid Mandates Reassessment of the Geographic Origins of Phytophthora infestans," Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, no. 2 (2016): 478–491.

33

McDonald, Bruce A., and Eva H. Stukenbrock, "Rapid Emergence of Pathogens in Agro-Ecosystems: Global Threats to Agricultural Sustainability and Food Security," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1709 (2016): 20160026.

34

Puckett, Emily E., Emma Sherratt, Matthew Combs, Elizabeth J. Carlen, William Harcourt-Smith, and Jason Munshi-South, "Variation in Brown Rat Cranial Shape Shows Directional Selection over 120 Years in New York City," Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 11 (2020): 4739–4748.

35

Combs, Matthew, Kaylee A. Byers, Bruno M. Ghersi, Michael J. Blum, Adalgisa Caccone, Federico Costa, Chelsea G. Himsworth, Jonathan L. Richardson, and Jason Munshi-South, "Urban Rat Races: Spatial Population Genomics of Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Compared Across Multiple Cities," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (2018): 20180245.

36

Cheptou, P.-O., O. Carrue, S. Rouifed, and A. Cantarel, "Rapid Evolution of Seed Dispersal in an Urban Environment in the Weed Crepis sancta," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 10 (2008): 3796–3799.

37

Thompson, Ken A., Loren H. Rieseberg, and Dolph Schluter, "Speciation and the City," Trends in Ecology and Evolution 33, no. 11 (2018): 815–826.

38

Palopoli, Michael F., Daniel J. Fergus, Samuel Minot, Dorothy T. Pei, W. Brian Simison, Iria Fernandez-Silva, Megan S. Thoemmes, Robert R. Dunn, and Michelle Trautwein, "Global Divergence of the Human Follicle Mite Demodex folliculorum: Persistent Associations Between Host Ancestry and Mite Lineages," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 52 (2015): 15958–15963.

39

Я очень благодарен Кристине Кауджер, Фреду Гулду, Жану Ристейно, Яэль Кисел, Тиму Барраклоу, Джейсону Мунши-Сауту, Райану Мартину, Нейту Сандерсу, Уиллу Кимлеру, Джорджу Хессу и Нику Готелли, которые дали ценные комментарии к этой главе.

40

Pocheville, Arnaud, "The Ecological Niche: History and Recent Controversies," in Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences, ed. Thomas Heams, Philippe Huneman, Guillaume Lecointre, and Marc Silberstein (Springer, 2015), 547–586.

41

Munshi-South, Jason, "Urban Landscape Genetics: Canopy Cover Predicts Gene Flow Between White-Footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Populations in New York City," Molecular Ecology 21, no. 6 (2012): 1360–1378.

42

Finkel, Irving, The Ark Before Noah: Decoding the Story of the Flood (Hachette UK, 2014).

43

Terando, Adam J., Jennifer Costanza, Curtis Belyea, Robert R. Dunn, Alexa McKerrow, and Jaime A. Collazo, "The Southern Megalopolis: Using the Past to Predict the Future of Urban Sprawl in the Southeast US," PLOS ONE 9, no. 7 (2014): e102261.

44

Kingsland, Sharon E., "Urban Ecological Science in America," in Science for the Sustainable City: Empirical Insights from the Baltimore School of Urban Ecology, ed. Steward T. A. Pickett, Mary L. Cadenasso, J. Morgan Grove, Elena G. Irwin, Emma J. Rosi, and Christopher M. Swan (Yale University Press, 2019), 24.

45

Carlen, Elizabeth, and Jason Munshi-South, "Widespread Genetic Connectivity of Feral Pigeons Across the Northeastern Megacity," Evolutionary Applications 14, no. 1 (2020): 150–162.

46

Tang, Qian, Hong Jiang, Yangsheng Li, Thomas Bourguignon, and Theodore Alfred Evans, "Population Structure of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica, Shows Two Expansions Across China," Biological Invasions 18, no. 8 (2016): 2391–2402.

47

Спасибо Адаму Терандо, Джорджу Хессу, Нейту Сандерсу, Нику Хаддаду, Джен Костанца, Джейсону Мунши-Сауту, Дагу Ливи, Хизер Кейтон и Кертису Бельеа, которые прочли эту главу до ее публикации и дали ценные комментарии.

48

Xu, Meng, Xidong Mu, Shuang Zhang, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Bingtao Zhu, Dangen Gu, Yexin Yang, Du Luo, and Yinchang Hu, "A Global Analysis of Enemy Release and Its Variation with Latitude," Global Ecology and Biogeography 30, no. 1 (2021): 277–288.

49

Seyfarth, Robert M., Dorothy L. Cheney, and Peter Marler, "Monkey Responses to Three Different Alarm Calls: Evidence of Predator Classification and Semantic Communication," Science 210, no. 4471 (1980): 801–803.

50

Headland, Thomas N., and Harry W. Greene, "Hunter-Gatherers and Other Primates as Prey, Predators, and Competitors of Snakes," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 52 (2011): E1470–E1474.

51

Dunn, Robert R., T. Jonathan Davies, Nyeema C. Harris, and Michael C. Gavin, "Global Drivers of Human Pathogen Richness and Prevalence," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1694 (2010): 2587–2595.

52

Varki, Ajit, and Pascal Gagneux, "Human-Specific Evolution of Sialic Acid Targets: Explaining the Malignant Malaria Mystery?," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 35 (2009): 14739–14740.

53

Loy, Dorothy E., Weimin Liu, Yingying Li, Gerald H. Learn, Lindsey J. Plenderleith, Sesh A. Sundararaman, Paul M. Sharp, and Beatrice H. Hahn, "Out of Africa: Origins and Evolution of the Human Malaria Parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax," International Journal for Parasitology 47, nos. 2–3 (2017): 87–97.

54

Более подробно об истории эволюции этих паразитов см. в: Kidgell, Claire, Ulrike Reichard, John Wain, Bodo Linz, Mia Torpdahl, Gordon Dougan, and Mark Achtman, "Salmonella typhi, the Causative Agent of Typhoid Fever, Is Approximately 50,000 Years Old," Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2, no. 1 (2002): 39–45.

55

Araújo, Adauto, and Karl Reinhard,