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Metin Heper and Şule Toktaş. “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”, Muslim World 93, no. 2 (2003): 157–85. Дальнейшую дискуссию см.: Soner Cagaptay. The New Sultan: Erdogan and the Crisis of Modern Turkey (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2017).
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Tezcan Gumus. “Turkey is About to Use Democracy to End its Democracy”, Quartz, 5 April 2017; http://qz.com/950313/turkey-ispreparing-to-vote-on-a-constitutional-referendum-that-gives-president-recep-tayyiperdogan-unprecedented-power (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Patrick Kingsley (2017), “Videos Fuel Charges of Fraud in Erdogan’s Win in Turkey”, New York Times, 18 April 2017; http://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/world/europe/turkey-referendum-is-haunted-by-allegations-of-voter-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Patrick Kingsley (2017), “Videos Fuel Charges of Fraud in Erdogan’s Win in Turkey”, New York Times, 18 April 2017; http://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/world/europe/turkey-referendum-is-haunted-by-allegations-of-voter-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Kadir Yildrim. “How Erdogan Won More Power but Lost Legitimacy in Turkey’s Constitutional Referendum”, Washington Post, 17 April 2017.
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Ник Чизман, интервью с бывшим наблюдателем, Найроби, Кения, октябрь 2017.
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Alex Scacco and Bernd Beber. “What the Numbers Say: A digit-based Test for Election Fraud”, Political Analysis 20, no. 2 (2012): 235–47.
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Nicole Beardsworth and Nic Cheeseman. “How to Win an Election in Uganda”, Newsweek, 16 March 2016; http://www.newsweek.com/uganda-elections-2016-yoweri-museveni-437049 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Edris Kiggundu and Sulaiman Kakaire. “Museveni Voted for by Poorest Ugandans”, Observer (Uganda), 29 February 2016; http://observer.ug/news-headlines/42872-museveni-voted-for-by-poorest-ugandans (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2015).
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См.: Charles Hornsby. Kenya: A History Since Independence (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011): 534.
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“Venezuela Vote: Authorities Reject Inflation Claim”, BBC News, 3 August 2017.
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“Venezuela Vote: Turnout Figure Tampered With”, BBC News, 2 August 2017.
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Girish Gupta. “Exclusive: Venezuelan Vote Data Casts Doubt on Turnout at Sunday Poll”, Reuters, 2 August 2017; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-vote-exclusive-idUSKBN1AI0AL (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Amanda Erickson. “8 Important Keys to Understanding Venezuela’s Controversial Election”, Washington Post, 29 July 2017; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/07/29/8-important-keys-to-understanding-venezuelas-controversial-election/?utm_term=.b5f0e6e7e134 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
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Обсуждение формирования коалиции и отношения депутатов к парламентскому большинству см.: Paul Chaisty, Nic Cheeseman and Tim Power. Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective: Minority Presidents in Multiparty Systems (Oxford University Press): 46–75, 120–42.
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Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis “Digital Dilemmas: The Unintended Consequences of Election Technology”, Democratization (в печати).
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Cheeseman, Lynch and Willis (2017), “Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency”.
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Национальный демократический институт отдаленно связан с Демократической партией и получал существенное бюджетное финансирование на поддержку демократии и выборов за рубежом. Подробнее о том, как и где он проводит параллельные подсчеты, см.: NDI (2017), “Parallel Vote Tabulations”.
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Commonwealth Observer Group. “Nigeria Elections 2015: Arrival Statement”; http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/nigeria-elections-2015-arrival-statement-commonwealth-observer-group (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Этот оптимизм хорошо подытожен в статьях: Alan Gelb and Julia Clark. “Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, no. 315 (2013); https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1426862_file_Biometric_ID_for_Development.pdf (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017); Alan Gelb and Anna Diofasi. “Biometric Elections in Poor Countries: Wasteful or a Worthwhile Investment?”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, no. 435 (2016).
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См. главу 6. – Прим. ред.
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Michael David-Fox. “The Myth of the Soviet Potemkin Village”, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne and ENS ‘La Russie aux XIXe et XXe siècles: politique intérieure et influences internationales’ seminar series (без даты).
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Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2013”; https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Andrew Hough. “Azerbaijan President’s Son, 12, ‘Buys £30m Worth of Luxury Dubai Property’”, Daily Telegraph, 5 March 2010.
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Joshua Keating. “Azerbaijan Accidentally Releases Election Results before Vote… the President Does Even Better”, Slate, 10 October 2013; http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/10/10/azerbaijan_election_rigging_president_does_even_better_than_the_early_results.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Fisher (2013), “Oops”.
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Fisher (2013), “Oops”.
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Council of Europe. “Presidential Election in Azerbaijan: Joint Statement by PACE and EP Delegations”; https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/presidential-election-in-azerbaijan-joint-statement-by-pace-and-ep-delegations (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Alexander Cooley. “Countering Democratic Norms”, Journal of Democracy 26, no. 3 (2015): 49–63. См. также: Christopher Walker. “The Hijacking of ‘Soft Power’”, Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2016): 49–63.
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Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 114–15.
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См., например: Thomas Carothers. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011).
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Samuel Ramani. “Three Reasons the US Won’t Break with Azerbaijan over Its Violations of Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms”, Washington Post, 20 January 2016.
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“FACTBOX – Azerbaijan’s Main Gas Fields”, Reuters, 24 February 2017; http://uk.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-gasidUKL8N1G53VT (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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David M. Herszenhorn. “Observers Differ on Fairness of Election in Azerbaijan”, New York Times, 10 October 2013; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/asia/observers-say-azerbaijan-election-marredby-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).
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Carothers (2003), “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror”.
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Levitsky and Way (2006), “Linkage Versus Leverage”.
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Carothers (2003), “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror”.
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“Observer Says 2.5 Million Turkish Referendum Votes Could Have Been Manipulated”, Reuters, 18 April 2017; доступно по
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