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9. Friedman. “Modern Science versus the Stigma of Obesity.”

10. Weigle, DS. “Human Obesity: Exploding the Myths.” West J Med 153(4) (1990): 421–28; review; PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.

11. Roberts, Paul. The End of Food. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

12. Weigle, DS. “Appetite and the Regulation of Body Composition.” FASEB J 8(3) (1994): 302–10; review; PubMed PMID: 8143936.

13. Sumithran, P, LA Prendergast, E Delbridge, K Purcell, A Shulkes, A Kriketos, J Proietto. “Long-Term Persistence of Hormonal Adaptations to Weight Loss.” N Engl J Med 365(17) (2011): 1597–604; doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa 1105816; PubMed PMID: 22029981.

14. Ibid.

15. Keesey, RE, and MD Hirvonen. “Body Weight Set-Points: Determination and Adjustment.” J Nutr 127(9) (1997): 1875S–83S; review; PubMed PMID: 9278574.

16. Rolls, BJ, EA Rowe, and RC Turner. “Persistent Obesity in Rats Following a Period of Consumption of a Mixed, High Energy Diet.” J Physiol 298 (1980): 415–27; PubMed PMID: 6987379; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1279126.

17. Ibid.

18. Everard, A, V Lazarevic, M Derrien, M Girard, GG Muccioli, AM Neyrinck, S Possemiers, A Van Holle, P Franзois, WM de Vos, NM Delzenne, J Schrenzel, and PD Cani. “Responses of Gut Microbiota and Glucose and Lipid Metabolism to Prebiotics in Genetic Obese and Diet-Induced Leptin-Resistant Mice.” Diabetes 60(11) (2011): 2775–86; doi: 10.2337/db11–0227; Epub September 20, 2011; erratum in Diabetes 60(12) (2011): 3307, Muccioli, Giulio M (corrected to Muccioli, Giulio G); PubMed PMID: 21933985; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3198091.

19. Morrison, CD, and HR Berthoud. “Neurobiology of Nutrition and Obesity.” Nutr Rev 65(12 pt 1) (2007): 517–34; review; PubMed PMID: 18236691.

20. Interview with Stephan Guyenet, June 4, 2013; his blog is at http://www.blogger.com/profile/09218114625524777250.

21. A sampling of supporting research includes the following studies: Westman, EC, WS Yancy Jr, MD Haub, and JS Volek, “Insulin Resistance from a Low-Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet Perspective.” Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders 3 (2005): 3–7; Boden, G, K Sargrad, C Homko, M Mozzoli, and TP Stein, “Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.” Ann Intern Med 142(6) (2005): 403–11; Nielsen, JV, and EA Jönsson, “Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes: Stable Improvement of Bodyweight and Glycaemic Control during 22 Months Follow-Up.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 3(1) (2006): 22; Eaton, SB, L Cordain, and PB Sparling, “Evolution, Body Composition, Insulin Receptor Competition, and Insulin Resistance.” Prev Med 49(4) (2009): 283–85, Epub August 15, 2009, PubMed PMID: 19686772; Craig, BW, J Everhart, and R Brown, “The Influence of High-Resistance Training on Glucose Tolerance in Young and Elderly Subjects.” Mech Ageing Dev 49(2) (1989): 147–57, review, PubMed PMID: 2677535; Miller, WJ, WM Sherman, and JL Ivy, “Effect of Strength Training on Glucose Tolerance and Post-Glucose Insulin Response.” Med Sci Sports Exerc 16(6) (1984): 539–43, PubMed PMID: 6392812.

22. Everard et al. “Responses of Gut Microbiota.”

23. Everard, A, C Belzer, L Geurts, JP Ouwerkerk, C Druart, LB Bindels, Y Guiot, M Derrien, GG Muccioli, NM Delzenne, WM de Vos, PD Cani. “Cross-Talk between Akkermansia Muciniphila and Intestinal Epithelium Controls Diet-Induced Obesity.” Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(22) (2013): 9066–71; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219451110; Epub May 13, 2013; PubMed PMID: 23671105.

24. Peck, JW. “Rats Defend Different Body Weights Depending on Palatability and Accessibility of Their Food.” J Comp Physiol Psychol 92(3) (1978): 555–70; PubMed PMID: 98538.

25. Rothwell, NJ, and MJ Stock. “Energy Expenditure of ‘Cafeteria’-Fed Rats Determined from Measurements of Energy Balance and Indirect Calorimetry.” J Physiol 328 (1982): 371–77; PubMed PMID: 7131317; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1225664.

26. Howard, BV, JE Manson, ML Stefanick, SA Beresford, G Frank, B Jones, RJ Rodabough, L Snetselaar, C Thomson, L Tinker, M Vitolins, and R Prentice. “Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Weight Change over 7 Years: The Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial.” JAMA 295(1) (2006): 39–49; PubMed PMID: 16391215.

27. Thorpe, GL. “Treating Overweight Patients.” J Am Med Assoc 165(11) (1957): 1361–65; PubMed PMID: 13475044.

28. Feinman, RD, and EJ Fine. “ ‘A Calorie Is a Calorie’ Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics.” Nutr J 3 (July 28, 2004): 9; PubMed PMID: 15282028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC506782.

29. Young, EA, MM Harris, TL Cantu, JJ Ghidoni, and R Crawley. “Hepatic Response to a Very-Low-Energy Diet and Refeeding in Rats.” Am J Clin Nutr 57(6) (1993): 857–62; PubMed PMID: 8503353.

30. Leibel, RL, and J Hirsch. “Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced-Obese Patients.” Metabolism 33(2) (1984): 164–70; PubMed PMID: 6694559.

31. Keesey, RE, and TL Powley. “The Regulation of Body Weight.” Annu Rev Psychol 37 (1986): 109–33; PubMed PMID: 3963779.

32. Garrow, JS. “The Safety of Dieting.” Proc Nutr Soc 50(2) (1991): 493–99; review; PubMed PMID: 1749815.

33. Garner, DM, and SC Wooley. “Confronting the Failure of Behavioral and Dietary Treatments for Obesity.” Clin Psychol Rev 11 (1991): 729–80; doi: 10.1016/0272–7358(91)90128-H.

34. Blackburn, GL, GT Wilson, BS Kanders, LJ Stein, PT Lavin, J Adler, and KD Brownell. “Weight Cycling: The Experience of Human Dieters.” Am J Clin Nutr 49(5 Suppl) (1989): 1105–1109; PubMed PMID: 2718940.

35. McCullough, ML, D Feskanich, MJ Stampfer, BA Rosner, FB Hu, DJ Hunter, JN Variyam, GA Colditz, and WC Willett. “Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Risk of Major Chronic Disease in Women.” Am J Clin Nutr 72(5) (2000): 1214–22; PubMed PMID: 11063452.

36. Mann, T, AJ Tomiyama, E Westling, AM Lew, B Samuels, and J Chatman. “Medicare’s Search for Effective Obesity Treatments: Diets Are Not the Answer.” Am Psychol 62(3) (2007): 220–33; review; PubMed PMID: 17469900.

37. Weigle, DS. “Human Obesity: Exploding the Myths.” West J Med 153(4) (1990): 421–28; review; PubMed PMID: 2244378; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1002573.

38. Volek, J, M Sharman, A Gуmez, D Judelson, M Rubin, G Watson, B Sokmen, R Silvestre, D French, and W Kraemer. “Comparison of Energy-Restricted Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets on Weight Loss and Body Composition in Overweight Men and Women.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 1(1) (2004): 13; PubMed PMID:15533250; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC538279.

39. Samaha, FF, N Iqbal, P Seshadri, KL Chicano, DA Daily, J McGrory, T Williams, M Williams, EJ Gracely, and L Stern. “A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity.” N Engl J Med 348(21) (2003): 2074–81; PubMed PMID: 12761364.

40. Greene, P, W Willett, et al. “Pilot 12-Week Feeding Weight Loss Comparison: Low-Fat vs. Low-Carbohydrate (Ketogenic) Diets” (abstract). Obes Res 11 (2003): A23.