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179
Andrew Reynolds, Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis. Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2008): 67, 176.
180
Paul Collier and Pedro C. Vicente. “Violence, Bribery, and Fraud: The Political Economy of Elections in sub-Saharan Africa”, Public Choice 153, no. 1 (2012): 117–47.
181
OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. “Republic of Armenia: Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017”.
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Хотя ни одно дело не закончилось обвинительным приговором, кажется очевидным, что имела место существенная скупка голосов. См.: “Vote Buying Played Main Part in Armenian Elections, Says Expert”, Mediamax.
183
Leonardo Arriola. “Financial Institutions: Economic Liberalisation, Credit and Opposition Party Successes” // Nic Cheeseman (ed.). Institutions and Democracy in Africa: How the Rules of the Game Shape Political Developments (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 92–115.
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Leonardo Arriola. “Financial Institutions: Economic Liberalisation, Credit and Opposition Party Successes” // Nic Cheeseman (ed.). Institutions and Democracy in Africa: How the Rules of the Game Shape Political Developments (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 92–115.
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Eric C. C. Chang. “Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption Under Open-List Proportional Representation”, Journal of Politics 67, no. 3 (2005): 716–30; Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 59–65.
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“Malaysia PM Najib Razak Used $700M Donation to Win 2013 Elections: WSJ”, CNBC, 28 December 2015; http://www.cnbc.com/2015/12/28/wsj-reports-malaysia-pm-najib-razak-used-700m-donation-to-win-2013elections.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017); Tom Wright and Bradley Hope. “1MDB and the Money Network of Malaysian Politics”, Wall Street Journal, 28 December 2015; https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-money-network-of-malaysian-politics-1451355113?mod=e2tw (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
187
Laurence Whitehead. Democratization: Theory and Experience (Oxford University Press, 2002).
188
Правящая партия называлась Национальной революционной партией до 1946 года.
189
Wayne A. Cornelius. “Mobilized Voting in the 2000 Elections: The Changing Efficacy of Vote Buying and Coercion in Mexican Electoral Politics” // Jorge I. Domínguez and Chappell H. Lawson (eds). Mexico’s Pivotal Democratic Election: Candidates, Voters, and the Presidential Campaign of 2000 (Stanford University Press, 2000): 47–67, 48.
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Beatriz Magaloni. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 12.
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По аналогии с названием известного политического Уотергейтского скандала. – Прим. пер.
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John Ross. “No Blood for Oil”, Latin American Press, 8 May 2003; http://www.latinamericapress.org/articles.asp?item=1&art=3427 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
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Jacqueline Peschard. “Control Over Party and Campaign Finance in Mexico”, Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 22, no. 1 (2006): 97.
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Там же.
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Полное обсуждение выборов см.: Domínguez and Lawson (2004). Mexico’s Pivotal Democratic Election. Краткий обзор результатов см.: Joseph L. Klesner. “The End of Mexico’s One-party Regime”, Kenyon College Blog; http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/PSci/Fac/klesner/apsa97_Table1.htm (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).
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Интересное обсуждение этого вопроса см.: Simeon Nichter. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot”, American Political Science Review 102, no. 1 (2008) 19–31; Susan C. Stokes. “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina”, American Political Science Review 99, no. 3 (2005) 315–25.
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Bruce Baker. Escape from Domination in Africa: Political Disengagement and Its Consequences (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2001): 44–73. Для сравнительных данных по Африке см.: Afrobarometer, http://afrobarometer.org (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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Хороший обзор проблем, стоящих перед парламентами, и разочарования избирателей, когда они не решаются, см.: Joel D. Barkan, Robert Mattes, Shaheen Mozaffar and Kimberly Smiddy. “The African Legislatures Project, First Findings”, CSSR Working Paper no. 277; https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/19858 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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Staffan I. Lindberg. “What Accountability Pressures Do MPs in Africa Face and How Do They Respond? Evidence from Ghana”, Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 1, (2010): 117–42.
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Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 62–5.
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См.: сайт African Legislatures Project (ALP) at the Center for Democratic Governance and Leadership.
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См.: Barkan et al. (2010), “The African Legislatures Project”.
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Cheeseman (2015) Democracy in Africa, 57–86.
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Nahomi Ichino and Noah L. Nathan. “Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance? Clientelism and Intra-party Conflict in Ghana”, American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 2 (2013): 428–41.
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Frederic C. Schaffer and Andreas Schedler. “What is Vote Buying? Empirical Evidence” // Schaffer (ed.). Elections for Sale, 17–30; Simeon Nichter. “Conceptualizing Vote Buying”, Electoral Studies 35 (2014): 315–27.
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Cheeseman, Lynch and Willis (2016), “Ghana Shows a Troubling Willingness to Accept Political Corruption”.
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Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis. “Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency”, Journal of Democracy 28, no. 2 (2017): 92–104.
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Ichino and Nathan. “Do Primaries Improve Electoral Performance?”.
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John Malott. “Malaysia Elections: What Happened and What It Means”, Islamic Monthly, 7 May 2013; http://theislamicmonthly.com/malaysia-elections-what-happened-and-what-it-means (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).
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Mong Palatino. “Malaysia’s Election ‘Tsunami’”, Diplomat, 10 May 2013.
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Mong Palatino. “Malaysia’s Election ‘Tsunami’”, Diplomat, 10 May 2013.
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В коалицию входили Партия народной справедливости, Партия демократического действия и Исламская партия.
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Jeremy Grant. “Malaysia: The Value of Cash Handouts – Vote Buying or an Economic Boost?”, Financial Times:
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