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60. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning, pp. 333, 336–7; Moskoff, Bread of Affl iction, pp. 108–9, 175.

61. Moskoff, Bread of Affl iction, pp. 136–42.

62. A. Nove ‘The peasantry in World War II’, in Linz, Impact of World War II, pp. 79–84.

63. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning, pp. 337–40.

64. B. V. Sokolov ‘Lend Lease in Soviet Military Efforts 1941–1945’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 7 (1994), pp. 567–8.

65. Sokolov, ‘Lend Lease’, pp. 570–81; V. Vorsin ‘Motor Vehicle Transport Deliveries Through “Lend-Lease”’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 10 (1997), pp. 164, 172–3; H. P. van Tuyll Feeding the Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union 1941–1945 (New York, 1989), pp. 156–7.

66. U. Herbert Fremdarbeiter: Politik und Praxis des ‘Ausländer-Einsatzes’ in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1985), pp. 270–72.

67. The term was used by Rolf Wagenführ, a Reich Statistical Offi ce offi cial, when he wrote a history of the German war economy for the Allies in 1945. See IWM, FD 3057/49 FIAT Report 1312 ‘Economic History of the Second World War’, pp. 6–8.

68. Hitler’s plan in IWM, MI 14/521 (Part I) ‘Munitionslieferung im Weltkrieg’; War Economy decree Reichsgesetzblatt 1939, Part I, p. 1609 ‘Kriegswirtschaftsverordnung’, 4 September 1939. Total war references in Bundesarchiv-Berlin R2501/7132, Reichsbank, notes for a speech by Director Lange, November 1941; R2501/7041, Report of speech by Reichsbank President 2 February 1940, p. 2.

69. R. J. Overy War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1994), pp. 275–81; Soviet comparison in Harrison, ‘The Soviet Union’, p. 291.

70. Overy, War and Economyp, p. 352.

71. IWM, EDS Mi 14/433 (fi le 2), Führer decree ‘Vereinfachung und Leistungssteigerung unserer Rüstungsproduktion’, 3 December 1941, p. 1.

72. IWM AL/1571, Col. Thomas, ‘Aktennotiz über Besprechung mit Minister Speer, 3 March 1942’, p. 1.

73. Overy, War and Economy, pp. 356–64.

74. D. Winkler Frauenarbeit im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Hamburg, 1977), pp. 196–8; S. Bajohr Die Hälfte der Fabrik: Geschichte der Frauenarbeit in Deutschland 1914 bis 1945 (Marburg, 1979), p. 252; R. Wagenführ Die deutsche Industrie im Kriege (Berlin, 1963), pp. 145–7; F. Wunderlich Farm Labor in Germany 1810–1945 (Princeton, NJ, 1961), pp. 297–9; on part time work IWM Box S368, Report 69, p. 5. See too E. Hancock ‘Employment in Wartime: the experience of German women during the Second World War’, War & Society, 12(1994), pp.43–68.

75. On rationing see Overy, War and Economy, pp. 170–71, 282–4; H. Focke and U. Reimer Alltag unterm Hakenkreuz: Wie die Nazis das Leben der Deutschen veränderten (Hamburg, 1980), pp. 179–81.

76. L. Maks Russia by the Back Door (London, 1954), p. 169.

77. C. Simmons and N. Perlina Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s diaries, memoirs and documentary prose (Pittsburgh, 2002), p. 23, diary of Liubov Shaporina, 12 September 1941.

78. Simmons and Perlina, Siege of Leningrad, p. 60, diary of Anna Likhacheva, 16 May, 1942; p. 50, diary of Vera Kostrovitsknia [n.d.].

79. Simmons and Perlina, Siege of Leningrad, pp. 30–31, diary entry, 8 March 1942.

80. See O. Bartov The Eastern Front 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (New York, 1985).

81. See in general T. Schulte The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia (Oxford, 1989); H. Heer Tote Zonen: Die deutsche Wehrmacht an der Ostfront (Hamburg, 1999); H. Heer and K. Naumann (eds) Vernichtungskrieg, Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 (Hamburg, 1995). On the debate over Wehrmacht criminality K. H. Pohl ‘“Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944’, in K. H. Pohl (ed.) Wehrmacht und Vernichtungspolitik. Militär im nationalsozialistischen System (Göttingen, (1999), pp. 141–60.

82. Ueberschär and Wette, ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’, p. 107; Förster and Mawdsley, ‘Hitler and Stalin’, pp. 70–78 for text of notes of the speech.

83. J. Förster ‘Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation’, in Boog et ah, Germany and the Second World War: Vol IV, p. 485.

84. Schulte, The German Army, pp. 321–2.

85. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 514.

86. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 510.

87. H.-H. Wilhelm (ed.) Rassenpolitik und Kriegführung: Sicherheitspolizei und Wehrmacht in Polen und der Sowjetunion

(Passau, 1991), p. 140, ‘Barbarossa-Studie’, Generaloberst Hoepner, 2 May 1941.

88. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, pp. 492, 500.

89. E. Hesse Der sowjetrussische Partisanenkrieg 1941 bis 1944 (Göttingen, 1969), p. 36; Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 504.

90. Schulte, German Army, p. 317.

91. Schulte, German Army, pp. 319–20; Wilhelm, Rassenpolitik, p. 138, General von Küchler, lecture to divisional commanders,

25 April 1941; Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 516. See too G.K. Koschorrek Blood Red Snow: The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front (London, 2002), pp. 67–9.

92. K. Reddemann (ed.) Zwischen Front und Heimat: Der Briefwechsel des münsterischen Ehepaares Agnes und Albert Neuhaus 1940–1944 (Münster, 1996) p. 227, letter from Albert Neuhaus, 30 June 1941.

93. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 64.

94. Stalin, War of Liberation, pp. 14–16.

95. Stalin, War of Liberation, p. 30.

96. A. Sella The Value of Human Life in Soviet Warfare (London, 1992), pp. 100–102; Volkogonov, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 430 for story of Yakov.

97. R. Bidlack ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Thurston and Bonwetsch, People’s War, pp. 86–7.

98. Pravda, 17 August, 30 August 1942; A. Werth Russia at War 1941–1945 (London, 1964), p. 414; A. Weiner Making Sense of War: the Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 162–3.

99. G. Geddes Nichivo: Life, Love and Death on the Russian Front (London, 2001), p. 40; on German treatment of their own soldiers see M. Messerschmidt ‘Deserteure im Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in W. Wette (ed.) Deserteure der Wehrmacht: Feiglinge – Opfer – Hoffnungsträger (Essen, 1995), pp. 61–2; O. Hennicke and F. Wüllner ‘Über die barbarischen Vollstreckungsmethoden von Wehrmacht und Justiz im Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in Wette, Deserteure, pp. 80–81.

100. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 69; see too J. Stieber Against the Odds: Survival on the Russian Front 1944–1945 (Dublin, 1995), pp. 18–19.

101. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 275; E. Bessonov Tank Rider: into the Reich with the Red Army (London, 2003), p. 118; Stieber, Against the Odds, pp. 169–70.