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56. Mai, ‘“Warum steht der deutsche Arbeiter zu Hitler?’”, pp. 216–20, 228; W. Zollitsch ‘Die Vertrauensratswahlen von 1934 und 1935’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 15 (1989), pp. 363–4, 378–9.

57. Mai, ‘“Warum steht der deutsche Arbeiter zu Hitler?”’, p. 222. See too G. Mai ‘Die nationalsozialistische Betriebszellen-Organisation: Arbeiterschaft und Nationalsozialismus 1927–1934’, in D. Heiden and G. Mai (eds) Nationalsozialismus in Thüringen (“Weimar, 1995), p. 165.

58. F. Carsten The German Workers and the Nazis (Aldershot, 1995), pp. 44, 46.

59. Carsten, German Workers, p. 37.

60. J. Falter ‘Warum die deutsche Arbeiter während des “Dritten Reiches” zu Hitler standen’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 13 (1987), pp. 217–31. Hess, ‘Zum Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus’, p. 149, who notes that in Leipzig factories threequarters of party cell members were wage-earners.

61. A. Geifmann Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton, NJ, 1993).

62. I. Zbarsky and S. Hutchinson Lenin’s Embalmers (London, 1998), p. 93.

63. D. Volkogonov Trotsky: the Eternal Revolutionary (London, 1996), pp. 377–8.

64. A. V. Baikaloff J Knew Stalin (London, 1940), pp. 78–9.

65. See for example T. J. Colton Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), pp. 323–4.

66. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 379, 392; V. Serge Memoirs of a Revolutionary 1901–1941 (Oxford, 1967), p. 344.

67. R. J. Overy Interrogations: the Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 (London, 2001), pp. 132–4, 460–67.

68. R. W. Whalen Assassinating Hitler: Ethics and Resistance in Nazi Germany (Toronto, 1993), pp. 36–7.

69. J. P. Duffy and V. L. Ricci Target Hitler: the Plots to Kill Adolf Hitler (Westport, Conn., 1992), pp. 26–8; W. Berthold Die 42 Attentate auf Adolf Hitler (Wiesbaden, 2000), pp. 126–45.

70. Berthold, 42 Attentate, pp. 102–13; Duffy and Ricci, Target Hitler, pp. 19–21.

71. F. von Schlabrendorff The Secret War Against Hitler (London, 1966), pp. 229–40, 276–92; M. Baigent and R. Leigh Secret Germany: Claus von Stauffenberg and the Mystical Crusade against Hitler (London, 1994), pp. 46–58; Berthold, 42 Attentate, pp. 214–36.

72. Carsten, German Workers, pp. 17–19.

73. Carsten, German Workers, pp. 105–6; H. Mehringer ‘Sozialdemokratischer und sozialistischer Widerstand’, in P. Steinbach and

J. Tuchel (eds) Widerstand und Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 1994), pp. 126–36.

74. Merson, Communist Resistance, pp. 85–7, 162–3; Carsten, German Workers, pp. 70–71; on problems of communist resistance see Hess ‘Zum Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus’, pp. 148–9, 152; Plum, ‘KPD in der Illegalität’, pp. 157–70.

75. Merson, Communist Resistance, pp. 160–63; Carsten, German Workers, pp. 110–11.

76. T. Hamerow On the Road to The Wolf’s Lair: German Resistance to Hitler (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 9–11. See too

M. Meyer-Krahmer Carl Goerdeler und sein Weg in den Widerstand (Freiburg im Braisgau, 1989).

77. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, pp. 13–14.

78. A. Speer Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs (London, 1970), pp. 379–81, 392; H. Schacht 76 Jahre meines Lebens (Bad Wörishofen, 1953), pp. 533–7.

79. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, pp. 320–21.

80. Hamerow, Road to the Wolf’s Lair, p. 334.

81. K. vonKlemperer German Resistance Against Hitler: the Search for Allies Abroad (Oxford, 1992), pp. 432–3.

82. B. Scheurig Verräter oder Patrioten. Das Nationalkomitee ‘Freies Deutschland’ und der Bund deutscher Offi ziere in der Sowjetunion 1943–1945 (Berlin, 1993), p. 138.

83. J.P. Stern The White Rose’, in Die Weisse Rose. Student Resistance to National Socialism 1942–1943: Forschungsergebnisse und Erfarhrungsberichte (Nottingham, 1991), pp. 11–31.

84. Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, p. 275.

85. S. Davies Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 122–3. See too B. Starkov Trotsky and Ryutin: from the history of the anti-Stalin resistance in the 1930s’, in T. Brotherstone and P. Dukes (eds) The Trotsky Reappraisal (Edinburgh, 1992), pp. 73, 77–6.

86. R. Gaucher Opposition in the U.S.S.R. 1917–1967 (New York, 1969), pp. 123–7.

87. G. Fischer Soviet Opposition to Stalin: a Case Study in World War II (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), p. 146.

88. J. J. Stephan The Russian Fascists: Tragedy and Farce in Exile, 1925–1945 (London, 1978), pp. 49–51, 55–8.

89. Stephan, Russian Fascists, pp. 159–66, 168–9.

90. Stephan, Russian Fascists, pp. 338–40, 351–4, 357–64.

91. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 320–22.

92. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 328–9, 337–9, 401–6; on the infl uence of Trotsky see Starkov, Trotsky and Ryutin1, pp. 74, 78–9. See too A. Durgan Trotsky, the POUM and the Spanish Revolution’, Journal of Trotsky Studies, 2 (1994), pp. 56–7, 64–5; on Trotsky’s view of terrorism G. L. Kline The Defence of Terrorism: Trotsky and his major critics’, in Brotherstone and Dukes, The Trotsky Reappraisal, pp. 156–63.

93. Gaucher, Opposition in the U.S.S.R., pp. 273–80; V. Rogovin 1937: Stalin’s Year of Terror (Oak Park, Mich., 1998), pp. 328–44.

94. Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 463–6; Durgan, ‘Trotsky and the POUM’, p. 43 on Mercader. On Trotsky’s view of terrorism see Kline, The Defence of Terrorism’.

95. Fischer, Soviet Opposition, pp. 42–3.

96. Gaucher, Opposition in the U.S.S.R., p. 321; C. Andreyev Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement: Soviet Reality and Emigre Theories (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 2–4.

97. Andreyev, Vlasov, pp. 206–8; M. Parrish The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security 1939–1953 (Westport, Conn., 1996), pp. 151–3.

98. Andreyev, Vlasov, pp. 210–14.

99. J. Hoffmann Die Geschichte der Wlassow-Armee (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1984), pp. 205–6.

100. Parrish, Lesser Terror, pp. 148–50.

101. R. W. Thurston ‘Social Dimensions of Stalinist Rule: Humor and Terror in the USSR, 1935–1941’, Journal of Social History, 24 (1990/91), p. 541.

102. Fischer, Soviet Opposition, pp. 115–16.

103. J. Fürst ‘Re-Examining Opposition under Stalin: Evidence and Context – A Reply to Kuromiya’, Europe – Asia Studies, 55 (2003), pp. 795–9.

104. D. Peukert Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life (London, 1987), pp. 154–9.

105. Peukert, Inside Nazi Germany, p. 161.

106. Thurston, ‘Social Dimensions’, p. 553.