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Основные стрессоры, предшествующие первой глубокой депрессии: Brown, G., Harris, T., Social Origins of Depression (New York: Free Press, 1978); Brown, G., Harris, T., Hepworth, C., “Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison,” Psychological Medicine 25

(1995) : 7. Несколько исследований, изучающих факторы, предсказывающие, кто окажется в депрессии в результате воздействия важных стрессоров, см. в Maciejewiski, P., Prigerson, H., Mazure, C., “Selfefficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms: differences based on history of prior depression,” British Journal of Psychiatry 176 (2000): 373; Mitchell, P., Parker, G., Gladstone, G., Wilhelm, K., Austin, V., “Severity of stressful life events in first and subsequent episodes of depression: the relevance of depression subtype,” Journal of Affective Disorders 73 (2003): 245.

С. 332. Генетическая предрасположенность: Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T., Taylor, A., Craig, I., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwait, A., Poulton, R., “Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene,” Science 301 (2003): 386. Сходный результат получен на обезьянах: Bennett, A., Lesch, K., Heils, A., Long, J., Lorenz, J., Shoaf, S., Champoux, M., Suomi, S., Linnoila, M., Higley, J., “Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function,” Biological Psychiatry 7 (2002): 118.

С. 333. Низкие уровни глюкокортикоидов при атипичной депрессии: Gold, P., Chrousos, G., “Organization of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high versus low CRH/NE states,” Molecular Psychiatry 7

(2002) : 254-75.

С. 334. Обзор проблем обратной связи при депрессии: Pariante, C., Miller, A., “Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment,” Biological Psychiatry 49 (2001): 391.

С. 335. Стресс изменяет нейрохимические процессы, имеющие отношение к депрессии: Tafet, G., Bernardini, R., “Psychoneuroendocrinological links between chronic stress and depression,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27 (2003): 893; Sabban, E., Kvetnansky, R., “Stress-triggered activation of gene expression in catecholaminergic systems: dynamics of transcriptional events,” Trends in Neurosciences 24 (2001): 91. Об интересной связи между глюкокортикоидами и нейрохимией серотонина см. в Glatz, K., Mossner, R., Heils, A., Lesch, K., “Glucocorticoid-regulated human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) expression is modulated by the 5-HTT gene-promoter-linked polymorphic region,” Journal of Neurochemistry 86 (2003): 1072. Также: van Riel, E., Meijer, O., Steenbergen, P., Joels, M., “Chronic unpredictable stress causes attenuation of serotonin responses in cornu ammonis 1 pyramidal neurons,” Neuroscience 120 (2003): 649. Демонстрацию того, что неконтролируемый стресс вызывает неконтролируемое изменение нейрохимии серотонина, см. в Bland, S., Twining, C., Watkins, L., Maier, S., “Stressor controllability modulates stress-induced serotonin but not dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell,” Synapse 49 (2003): 206.

С. 335. Последствия повышения уровней глюкокортикоидов при депрессии: иммунитет: Irwin, M., “Depression and immunity,” in Ader, R., Felten, D., Cohen, N., eds., Psychoneuroimmunology, 3d ed. (San Diego: Academic Press, 2001), vol. 2, 383. Осте- опороз: Cizza, G., Ravn, P., Chrousos, G., Gold, P., “Depression: a major, unrecognized risk factor for osteoporosis?” Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 12 (2001): 198. Болезни сердца: Penninx, B., Beekman, A., Honig, A., Deeg, D., Schoevers, R., van Eijk, J., van Tilburg, W., “Depression and cardiac mortality: results from a community- based longitudinal study,” Archives of General Psychiatry 58 (2001): 229; Ferketich, A., Schwartzbaum, J., Frid, J., Moeschberger, M., “Depression as an antecedent to heart disease among women and men in the NHANES I study,” National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Archives of Internal Medicine 9 (2000): 1261; Grippoa, A., Johnson, A., “Biological mechanisms in the relationship between depression and heart disease,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 26 (2002): 941.

С. 335. Атрофия гиппокампа при депрессии: Sheline, Y., Wang, P., Gado, M., Csernansky, J., Vannier, M., “Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93 (1996): 3908-4003; Sheline, Y., Sanghavi, M., Mintun, M., Gado, M., “Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medical healthy women with recurrent major depression,” Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1999): 5034-41; Bremner, J., Narayan, M., Anderson, E., Staib, L., Miller, H., Charney, D., “Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression,” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 115-27; Sheline, Y., Gado, M., Kraemer, H., “Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss,” American Journal of Psychiatry 160 (2003): 1516; MacQueen, G., Campbell, S., McEwen, B., Macdonald, K., Amano,

5., Joffe, R., Nahmias, C., Young, L., “Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100 (2002): 1387.

Атрофия коры лобных долей: Lai, T., Payne, M. E., Byrum, C. E., Steffens, D. C., Krishnan, K. R., “Reduction of orbital frontal cortex volume in geriatric depression,” Biological Psychiatry 48 (2000): 971; Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J., Wei, J., Pittman,

5., Dilley, G., Overholser, J., Meltzer, H., Stockmeier, C., “Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression,” Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999): 1085. Sanchez, M., Young, L., Plotsky, P., Insel, T., “Distribution of corticosteroid receptors in the rhesus brain: relative absence of GR in the hippocampal formation,” Journal of Neuroscience 20 (2000): 4657.

С. 336. Сноска, касающаяся нейрогенеза и депрессии: Kempermann, G., Kronenberg,

G. , “Depressed new neurons — adult hippocampal neurogenesis and a cellular plasticity hypothesis of major depression,” Biological Psychiatry 54 (2003): 499. В последнем выпуске Biological Psychiatry за 2004 г. описывается спор между двумя главными группами оппонентов (Duman, Vollmayr, Henn), в котором я выступаю в качестве посредника.

С. 337. Влияние антидепрессантов на ингибиторы стероидогенеза: Wolkowitz, O., Reus, V., Chan, T., Manfredi, F., Raum, W., Johnson, R., Canick, J., “Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double-blind ketoconazole,” Biological Psychiatry 45 (1999): 1070; McQuade, R., Young, A., “Future therapeutic targets in mood disorders: the glucocorticoid receptor,” British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000): 390; Sapolsky, R., “Taming stress,” Scientific American (September 2003): 86. Эффективность блоки- ровщиков глюкокортикоидных рецепторов: Belanoff, J., Rothschild, A., Cassidy, F., DeBattista, C., Baulieu, E., Schold, C., Schatzberg, A., “An open label trial of C-1073 (Mifepristone) for psychotic major depression,” Biological Psychiatry 52 (2002): 386-92.