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2. Указанная публикация, стр. 7.

3. B. A. van der Kolk, “Adolescent Vulnerability to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Psychiatry 48 (1985): 365–70.

4. S. A. Haley, “When the Patient Reports Atrocities: Specific Treatment Considerations of the Vietnam Veteran”, Archives of General Psychiatry 30 (1974): 191–96.

5. E. Hartmann, B. A. van der Kolk, and M. Olfeld, “A Preliminary Study of the Personality of the Nightmare Suferer”, American Journal of Psychiatry 138 (1981): 794–97; B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “Nightmares and Trauma: Life-long and Traumatic Nightmares in Veterans”, American Journal of Psychiatry 141 (1984): 187–90.

6. B. A. van der Kolk and C. Ducey, “The Psychological Processing of Traumatic Experience: Rorschach Patterns in PTSD”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 2 (1989): 259–74.

7. В отличие от обычных воспоминаний, травматические воспоминания больше напоминают обрывки ощущений, эмоций, реакций и зрительных образов, которые снова и снова переживаются человеком в настоящем. Исследования воспоминаний жертв холокоста, проведенные в Йеле Дори Лоб и Нанет С. Ауэрхан, равно как и книга Лоуренса Лангера «Свидетельства холокоста: Руины памяти» (1991), и, прежде всего, составленные в 1889, 1893 и 1905 годах Пьером Жане описания травматических воспоминаний, помогли нам разобраться с тем, что мы видели. Эта работа будет подробно описана в главе, посвященной памяти.

8. D. J. Henderson, “Incest”, in Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, eds. A. M. Freedman and H. I. Kaplan, 2nd ed. (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1974), 1536.

9. Там же.

10. K. H. Seal, et al., “Bringing the War Back Home: Mental Health Disorders Among 103,788 U.S. Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan Seen at Department of Veterans Affairs Facilities”, Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 5 (2007): 476–82; C. W. Hoge, J. L. Auchterlonie, and C. S. Milliken, “Mental Health Problems, Use of Mental Health Services, and Attrition from Military Service After Returning from Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan”, Journal of the American Medical Association 295, no. 9 (2006): 1023–32.

11. D. G. Kilpatrick and B. E. Saunders, Prevalence and Consequences of Child Victimization: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents: Final Report (Charleston, SC: National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 1997).

12. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Child Maltreatment 2007, 2009. См. также: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2010, 2011.

Глава 2. Революция в понимании разума и мозга

1. G. Ross Baker, et al., “The Canadian Adverse Events Study: The Incidence of Adverse Events Among Hospital Patients in Canada”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 170, no. 11 (2004): 1678–86; A. C. McFarlane, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a General Psychiatric Inpatient Population”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 14, no. 4 (2001): 633–45; Kim T. Mueser, et al., “Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Severe Mental Illness”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, no. 3 (1998): 493; National Trauma Consortium, www.nationaltraumaconsortium.org.

2. E. Bleuler, Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, trans. J. Zinkin (Washington, DC: International Universities Press, 1950): 227.

3. L. Grinspoon, J. Ewalt, and R. I. Shader, “Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy in Chronic Schizophrenia”, American Journal of Psychiatry 124, no. 12 (1968): 1645–52. См. также: L. Grinspoon, J. Ewalt, and R. I. Shader, Schizophrenia: Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1972).

4. T. R. Insel, “Neuroscience: Shining Light on Depression”, Science 317, no. 5839 (2007): 757–58. См. также: C. M. France, P. H. Lysaker, and R. P. Robinson, “The ‘Chemical Imbalance’ Explanation for Depression: Origins, Lay Endorsement, and Clinical Implications”, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 38 (2007): 411–20.

5. B. J. Deacon, and J. J. Lickel, “On the Brain Disease Model of Mental Disorders”, Behavior Terapist 32, no. 6 (2009).

6. J. O. Cole, et al., “Drug Trials in Persistent Dyskinesia (Clozapine)”, in Tardive Dyskinesia, Research and Treatment, ed. R. C. Smith, J. M. Davis, and W. E. Fahn (New York: Plenum, 1979).

7. E. F. Torrey, Out of the Shadows: Confronting America’s Mental Illness Crisis (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997). Тем не менее, другие факторы играли не менее важную роль, такие как закон президента Кеннеди об общественном психическом здоровье 1963 года, в соответствии с которым федеральное правительство взяло на себя оплату услуг по психиатрической помощи, а штаты получали льготы за лечение психически больных людей на местах.

8. American Psychiatric Association, Committee on Nomenclature. Work Group to Revise DSM-III. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Publishing, 1980).

9. S. F. Maier and M. E. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105, no. 1 (1976): 3. См. также: M. E. Seligman, S. F. Maier, and J. H. Geer, “Alleviation of Learned Helplessness in the Dog”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 73, no. 3 (1968): 256; and R. L. Jackson, J. H. Alexander, and S. F. Maier, “Learned Helplessness, Inactivity, and Associative Deficits: Effects of Inescapable Shock on Response Choice Escape Learning”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6, no. 1 (1980): 1.

10. G. A. Bradshaw and A. N. Schore, “How Elephants Are Opening Doors: Developmental Neuroethology, Attachment and Social Context”, Ethology 113 (2007): 426–36.

11. D. Mitchell, S. Koleszar, and R. A. Scopatz, “Arousal and T-Maze Choice Behavior in Mice: A Convergent Paradigm for Neophobia Constructs and Optimal Arousal Theory”, Learning and Motivation 15 (1984): 287–301. См. также: D. Mitchell, E. W. Osborne, and M. W. O’Boyle, “Habituation Under Stress: Shocked Mice Show Nonassociative Learning in a T-maze”, Behavioral and Neural Biology 43 (1985): 212–17.

12. B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “Inescapable Shock, Neurotransmitters and Addiction to Trauma: Towards a Psychobiology of Post Traumatic Stress”, Biological Psychiatry 20 (1985): 414–25.

13. C. Hedges, War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York: Random House Digital, 2003).

14. B. A. van der Kolk, «The Compulsion to Repeat Trauma: Revictimization, Attachment and Masochism”, Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12 (1989): 389–411.