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637
El-Haj, The Genealogical Science, 86, Arthur Mourant, The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishing, 1954), 1, Michelle Brattain, 'Race, Racism, and Antiracism: UNESCO and the Politics of Presenting Science to the Postwar Public', American Historical Review 112 (2007) и Four Statements on Race (Paris: UNESCO, 1969), 18.
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Burton, Genetic Crossroads, 96, 103, El-Haj, The Genealogical Science, 1–8 и Arthur Mourant, Ada Kopeć, and Kazimiera Domaniewska-Sobczak, The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms, 2nd edn (London: Oxford University Press, 1976), 79–83.
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Aaron Rottenberg, 'Daniel Zohary (1926–2016)', Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64 (2017).
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Rottenberg, 'Daniel Zohary', 1102–1103 и Jack Harlan and Daniel Zohary, 'Distribution of Wild Wheats and Barley', Science 153 (1966): 1074.
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Rottenberg, 'Daniel Zohary', 1104–1105, Harlan and Zohary, 'Distribution of Wild Wheats and Barley', 1076, Pistorius, Scientists, Plants and Politics, 17 и Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 2, 8.
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Zohary and Hopf, Domestication of Plants, 8 и Prywes, Medical and Biomedical Research, 155.
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Burton, Genetic Crossroads, 17.
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Burton, Genetic Crossroads, 128–150, 167–175, 219–241.
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'June 2000 White House Event', National Human Genome Research Institute, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., https://www.genome.gov/10001356/june-2000-whitehouse-event.
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'June 2000 White House Event'.
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'June 2000 White House Event' and 'Fiscal Year 2001 President's Budget Request for the National Human Genome Research Institute', National Human Genome Research Institute, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., https://www.genome.gov/10002083/2000-release-fy-2001-budget-request.
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Nancy Stepan, 'Science and Race: Before and after the Human Genome Project', Socialist Register 39 (2003), Sarah Zhang, '300 Million Letters of DNA are Missing from the Human Genome', The Atlantic, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/human-genome-300-millionmissing-letters-dna/576481/, Elise Burton, 'Narrating Ethnicity and Diversity in Middle Eastern National Genome Projects', Social Studies of Science 48 (2018), Projit Bihari Mukharji, 'The Bengali Pharaoh: Upper-Caste Aryanism, Pan-Egyptianism, and the Contested History of Biometric Nationalism in Twentieth-Century Bengal', Comparative Studies in Society and History 59 (2017): 452, 'The Indian Genome Variation database (IGVdb): A Project Overview', Human Genetics 119 (2005), 'Mission', Genome Russia Project, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., http://genomerussia.spbu.ru и 'Summary', Han Chinese Genomes, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., https://www.hanchinesegenomes.org/HCGD/data/summary.
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David Cyranoski, 'China Expands DNA Data Grab in Troubled Western Region', Nature News 545 (2017), Sui-Lee Wee, 'China Uses DNA to Track Its People, with the Help of American Expertise', The New York Times, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/business/china–Xinjiang-uighur-dnathermo-fisher.html, 'Ethnical Non Russian Groups', Genome Russian Project, дата обращения: 1 сентября 2020 г., http://genomerussia.spbu.ru/?page_id=862&lang=en и 'Trump Administration to Expand DNA Collection at Border and Give Data to FBI', The Guardian, дата обращения: 20 февраля 2021 г., https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/02/us-immigration-border-dna-trump-administration.
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'Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged in Three Separate China Related Cases', Department of Justice, дата обращения: 20 сентября 2020 г., https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinesenationals-charged-three-separate-china-related, 'Affidavit in Support of Application for Criminal Complaint', Department of Justice, дата обращения: 20 сентября 2020 г., https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1239796/download и 'Harvard Chemistry Chief's Arrest over China Links Shocks Researchers', Nature, дата обращения: 4 апреля 2020 г., https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00291-2.
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'Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged', 'Affidavit in Support of Application for Criminal Complaint' и 'Harvard Chemistry Chief's Arrest'.
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'Remarks Delivered by FBI Boston Division Special Agent in Charge Joseph R. Bonavolonta Announcing Charges against Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals', Federal Bureau of Investigation, дата обращения: 20 сентября 2020 г., https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/boston/news/press-releases/remarksdelivered-by-fbi-boston-special-agent-in-charge-joseph-r-bonavolonta-announcingcharges-against-harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals, Elizabeth Gibney, 'UC Berkeley Bans New Research Funding from Huawei', Nature 566 (2019), Andrew Silver, Jeff Tollefson, and Elizabeth Gibney, 'How US-China Political Tensions are Affecting Science', Nature 568 (2019), Mihir Zaveri, 'Wary of Chinese Espionage, Houston Cancer Center Chose to Fire 3 Scientists', The New York Times, дата обращения: 7 декабря 2020 г., https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/22/health/md-anderson-chinese-scientists.html и 'Meng Wanzhou: Questions over Huawei Executive's Arrest as Legal Battle Continues', BBC News, дата обращения: 16 декабря 2020 г., https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-54756044.
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По данным Всемирного банка и Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития, дата обращения: 16 февраля 2021 г., https://data.worldbank.org. См.: сравнительные данные по США и Китаю, 1982–2019: 'GDP growth (annual%)', 'GDP (current US$)' и 'GDP, PPP (current international $)'. 'China Overtakes Japan as World's Second-Biggest Economy', BBC News, дата обращения: 20 февраля 2021 г., https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12427321. Для общего представления и о геополитическом, и об экономическом аспекте см. также: Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 78, 585 и Jude Woodward, The US vs China: Asia's New Cold War? (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017).
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Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 31, 412.
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'Notice of the State Council: New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan', Foundation for Law and International Affairs, дата обращения: 12 декабря 2020 г., https://flia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-1.pdf (translation by Flora Sapio, Weiming Chen, and Adrian Lo), 'Home', Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, дата обращения: 13 декабря 2020 г., https://www.baai.ac.cn/en и Sarah O'Meara, 'China's Ambitious Quest to Lead the World in AI by 2030', Nature 572 (2019).
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'New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan' и Kai-Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018), 227.
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Huiying Liang et al., 'Evaluation and Accurate Diagnoses of Pediatric Diseases Using Artificial Intelligence', Nature Medicine 25 (2019) и Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood, 'IBM AI Algorithms Can Read Chest X-Rays at Resident Radiologist Levels', IBM Research Blog, дата обращения: 16 декабря 2020 г., https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2020/11/ai–X-rays-for-radiologists/.
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Lee, AI Superpowers, 14–17 и Drew Harwell and Eva Dou, 'Huawei Tested AI Software That Could Recognize Uighur Minorities and Alert Police, Report Says', Washington Post, дата обращения: 16 декабря 2020 г., https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/12/08/huawei-tested-ai-software-that-could-recognize-uighurminorities-alert-police-report-says/.
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Karen Hao, 'The Future of AI Research is in Africa', MIT Technology Review, дата обращения: 16 декабря 2020 г., https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/06/21/134820/ai-africa-machine-learning-ibm-google/ и 'Moustapha Cissé', African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, дата обращения: 13 декабря 2020 г., https://nexteinstein.org/person/moustapha-cisse/.
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Shan Jie, 'China Exports Facial ID Technology to Zimbabwe', Global Times, дата обращения: 14 декабря 2020 г., https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1097747.shtml и Amy Hawkins, 'Beijing's Big Brother Tech Needs African Faces', Foreign Policy, дата обращения: 14 декабря 2020 г., https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/24/beijingsbig-brother-tech-needs-african-faces/.
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Elizabeth Gibney, 'Israel-Arab Peace Accord Fuels Hope for Surge in Scientific Research', Nature 585 (2020).
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Eliran Rubin, 'Tiny IDF Unit is Brains behind Israel Army Artificial Intelligence', Haaretz, дата обращения: 12 декабря 2020 г., https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tinyidf-unit-is-brains-behind-israeli-army-artificial-intelligence-1.5442911 и Jon Gambrell, 'Virus Projects Renew Questions about UAE's Mass Surveillance', Washington Post, дата обращения: 12 декабря 2020 г., https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/virus-projects-renew-questions-about-uaes-masssurveillance/2020/07/09/4c9a0f42-c1ab-11ea-8908-68a2b9eae9e0_story.html.
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Agence France-Presse, 'UAE Successfully Launches Hope Probe', The Guardian,
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